jbr Essays

jbr Essays jbr Essay jbr Essay Jbr Q1. Headway in innovation and science is seen to be a dynamic undertaking to the people as it has been reliably becoming throughout the years with the development and progression of the human culture picking up force and developing at a quicker rate with each period as saw utilizing the sigmoid bend. This is undoubtedly evident as the ‘s’ bend portrays the way followed by the procedure of innovative headway showing the moderate pace at which it started where new revelations were made in science, either inadvertent, exploratory or through examination, and the increasing speed in the advancement made by the progression in science and innovation throughout the years. In the underlying industrialization stage, the principal society to conflict with motorization was the Luddites who were against automation in material fields. They would dissent and went to the degree of pulverizing the automated weaving machines supplanted the laborers in the enterprises making joblessness and an absence of salary, prompting an adjustment in their lifestyle. The Neo-Luddites are the cutting edge rendition of the Luddites. They don't completely restrict innovation however demand the controlled presentation of innovation and the significance of understanding the innovation before prologue to guarantee it doesn't achieve negative outcomes on humankind. The feelings of trepidation of the counter technologists are sound as innovation if not controlled can prompt joblessness of people thus changing the social setting of humankind. Evil innovation if not checked can prompt mischief particularly in the midst of misconception or war henceforth mechanical headway ought to be managed to forestall it hurting human presence or rendering them purposeless.

Bombardier Cseries Essay

Combined with BBD’s maturing innovation, radical overall occasions, and rising alluring open doors in the territorial planes showcase, BBD has been dependent upon savage overall rivalry and most forcefully from Brazil (Embraer). By what means would bombardier be able to restore administration in the internationally serious traveler aeronautic trade? 2. Investigation 2. 1 External Environment Analysis Politically and lawfully, governments had consistently bolstered flight by protecting national makers against rivalry and financing their innovative work ventures. Somewhat, outside rivalry required the mediation of the World Trade Organization to control hostile to dumping approaches. Governments likewise engaged in setting up natural guidelines to control the harming impacts of air transportation on the earth. The deregulation of the airplane business in the mid-1990s prompted a socio-social change in consumer’s inclination from high solace level to bring down costs. The last pushed aircraft organizations to look for minimal effort bearers to decrease costs. Monetarily, carrier bearers received adaptable money related models with makers to satisfy fluctuating airplanes need and build up the business further. Innovatively, carrier makers concentrated on improving their center capabilities through R;amp;D and accomplished economies of scale by redistributing plane fragments to providers and creating vital associations with subcontractors. As the table shows, contention among contenders has the most elevated impact on the traveler aeronautic trade. The moderate impact would be the haggling intensity of providers, Bargaining intensity of purchaser, and danger of new participants since the aeronautic trade is amazingly traditionalist as far as maker agreeableness and moving towards being condition neighborly. Concerning danger of replacement, it has the least impact since air transport is quicker and more productive than rail, street, or water methods of transport. In any case, it is essential to consider fast trains as a danger for territorial corresponding flights as clients could appreciate lower tolls, accommodation (versus the problem of air terminals), and an alternate encounter. As a rule, the traveler airplane business has high potential expect for the nearness of contention among contenders that keep it very hard to achieve. 2. 2 Internal authoritative examination A) Tangible Resources - Financial assets: BBD’s financing depends on rent financing that is upheld by duties from potential clients and providers. Display 15 demonstrates negative Revenue to Working Capital proportion in 2004 (CSeries declared) and 2006

Research Paper Writing Tips - Simple Tips to Succeed in Writing a Research Paper

Research Paper Writing Tips - Simple Tips to Succeed in Writing a Research PaperThe science and technique of research paper writing are an important part of academic study. In fact, there are several researchers who rely on the research paper writing as their main work or reference source. To make the most out of the research, a proper research paper writing must be developed and put into practice so that it can be easily accepted by a variety of academics and fellow students.Writing a paper for yourself or for your school will require some creativity and determination. It is therefore advisable to start off with a research paper writing tip that is reasonably easy and simple to follow. Here are some tips that can be applied to help you write a paper effectively:o Get motivated and focused: It is very important to start working on your paper. After all, writing is a good way to get yourself excited about writing and thinking of many other things besides the actual topic or purpose of the paper. You can get a little bit more focused and try to write what you know. It may seem easy and effortless, but you should try to stay focused on writing something interesting and beneficial for your readers.o Write about something that has already been done: You can simply begin writing about something that you have found or observed in the past. This is quite helpful in order to minimize the time and effort that you will need to research about a particular topic or concept. However, it is still recommended to check with other sources to ensure that the information provided is authentic and not just the product of one's imagination.o Use all the available resources: It is important to use all the available resources in order to be able to do research. The internet is a great resource for you to find and discover the relevant information that you need. For example, you can use the search engines to look for pertinent information.Make use of sources that are trustworthy: The b est source of information for you to gain a better understanding of the original research can be from secondary sources. You can also do some research online about the subject that you are writing about so that you can avoid the risks of falling for a hoax.o Write according to the form of papers: In order to be able to find a suitable research paper writing tip, you have to know that research papers should be written in a style that can be more easily accepted by academic and fellow students. If you think that this is not possible, you can always try to write in a different type of paper for a research topic.These are just some of the basic tips that you can implement in order to be successful in writing your own research papers. By following these tips, you can easily be confident in yourself and can create the best results for your research papers.

Marcus Garvey and Embracing African Heritage

No Marcus Garvey biography  would be complete without defining the radical views that made him a threat to the status quo. The life story of the Jamaican-born activist starts well before he came to the United States following World War I when Harlem was an exciting place for African-American culture. Poets like Langston Hughes and Countee Cullen, as well as novelists like Nella Larsen and Zora Neale Hurston, created a vibrant literature that captured the black experience. Musicians such as Duke Ellington and Billie Holiday, playing and singing in Harlem nightclubs, invented what has been called Americas classical music—jazz. In the midst of this renaissance of African-American culture in New York (known as the Harlem Renaissance), Garvey seized the attention of both white and black Americans with his powerful oratory and ideas about separatism. During the 1920s, the UNIA, the foundation of Garveys movement, became what historian Lawrence Levine has called the broadest mass movement in African-American history. Early Life Garvey was born in Jamaica in 1887, which was then part of the British West Indies. As a teenager, Garvey moved from his small coastal village to Kingston, where political speakers and preachers entranced him with their public speaking skills. He began studying oratory and practicing on his own. Entrance into Politics Garvey became a foreman for a large printing business, but a strike in 1907 during which he sided with the workers instead of management, derailed his career. The realization that politics was his true passion prompted Garvey to begin organizing and writing on behalf of workers. He traveled to Central and South America, where he spoke out on behalf of West Indian expatriate workers. The UNIA Garvey went to London in 1912 where he met a group of black intellectuals who gathered to discuss ideas like anti-colonialism and African unity. Returning to Jamaica in 1914, Garvey founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association or UNIA. Among the UNIAs goals were the founding of colleges for general and vocational education, the promotion of business ownership and the encouragement of a sense of brotherhood among the African diaspora. Garveys Trip to America Garvey encountered difficulties organizing Jamaicans; the more affluent tended to oppose his teachings as a threat to their position. In 1916, Garvey decided to travel to the United States to learn more about Americas black population. He discovered the time was ripe for the UNIA in the United States. As African-American soldiers began serving in World War I, there was widespread belief that being loyal and performing their duty for the United States would result in white Americans addressing the terrible racial inequalities that existed in the nation. In reality, African-American soldiers, after having experienced a more tolerant culture in France, returned home after the war to find racism as deeply entrenched as ever. Garveys teachings spoke to those who had been so disappointed to discover the status quo still in place after the war. Garveys Teachings Garvey established a branch of the UNIA in New York City, where he held meetings, putting into practice the oratorical style he had honed in Jamaica. He preached racial pride, for instance, encouraging parents to give their daughters black dolls to play with. He told African-Americans they had the same opportunities and potential as any other group of people in the world. Up, you mighty race, he exhorted the attendees. Garvey aimed his message at all African-Americans. To that end, he not only established the newspaper Negro World but also held parades in which he marched, wearing a lively dark suit with gold stripes and sporting a white hat with a plume. Relationship with W.E.B. Du Bois Garvey clashed with prominent African-American leaders of the day, including W.E.B. Du Bois. Among his criticisms, Du Bois denounced Garvey for meeting with Ku Klux Klan (KKK) members in Atlanta. At this meeting, Garvey told the KKK that their goals were compatible. Like the KKK, Garvey said, he rejected miscegenation and the idea of social equality. Blacks in America needed to forge their own destiny, according to Garvey. Ideas like these horrified Du Bois, who called Garvey the most dangerous enemy of the Negro Race in America and in the world in a May 1924 issue of The Crisis. Back to Africa Garvey is sometimes said to have headed a back-to-Africa movement. He did not call for a widespread exodus of blacks out of the Americas and into Africa but did see the continent as a source of heritage, culture, and pride. Garvey believed in founding a nation to serve as a central homeland, as Palestine was for Jews. In 1919, Garvey and the UNIA established the Black Star Line for the dual purposes of carrying blacks to Africa and promoting the idea of black enterprise. The Black Star Line The Black Star Line was poorly managed and fell victim to unscrupulous businessmen who sold damaged ships to the shipping line. Garvey also chose poor associates to go into business with, some of whom apparently stole money from the business. Garvey and the UNIA sold stock in the business by mail, and the inability of the company to deliver on its promises resulted in the federal government prosecuting Garvey and four others for mail fraud. Exile Though Garvey was only guilty of inexperience and bad choices, he was convicted in 1923. He spent two years in jail;  President Calvin Coolidge  ended his sentence early, but Garvey was deported in 1927. He continued to work for the UNIAs goals after his exile from the United States, but he was never able to return. The UNIA struggled on but never reached the heights it had under Garvey. Sources Levine, Lawrence W. Marcus Garvey and the Politics of Revitalization. In  The Unpredictable Past: Explorations in American Cultural History. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. Lewis, David L.  W.E.B. Du Bois: The Fight for Equality and the American Century, 1919-1963. New York: Macmillan, 2001.

Theme Of Young Goodman Brown And The Cask Of Amontillado

â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† by Nathaniel Hawthorne and â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† by Edgar Allen Poe have surplus amounts of irony that animate both short stories. Demented felonious antagonists and clueless protagonists cause the stories to seem similar. Montresor, a cunning and licentious human from â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† and caring Goodman from â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† persistently use verbal irony, nevertheless, the irony is unique to each story. In â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† and â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† the verbal irony examples are different because they serve various actions. In â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† the scheming Montresor tells Fortunato, â€Å"we will go back; your health is precious†¦we will go back; you will be ill, and I cannot be†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Cask of Amontillado† has its own unique purpose for verbal irony. The antagonist, Montresor, uses his lies to lure Fortunato into trusting him. Montresor continuously expresses his care for Fortunato’s health, although his sole purpose in meeting with him is to â€Å"punish with impunity† (Poe 6) and extract revenge on Fortunato for causing him a thousand injuries. Edgar Allen Poe means Montresor will give Fortunato a punishment without punishment, however, the situation becomes ironic because burying him alive is a form of punishment. In Montresor’s cynical words there are numerous other examples of irony. In â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† Montresor toasts Fortunato’s life and says â€Å"In pace requiescat† (Poe 13) whilst reminiscing about his horrendous crime after fifty years. Montresor’s reminiscence is significant because it shows that the crime’s successful, it’s ironic because Montresor expects Fortunato to be at peace after he leaves him in a damp catacomb to die. Similarly, Young Goodman Brown also has a gloom dying hour, after he looks for Faith and finds a congregation that praises the Devil instead. In his eagerness to return to his Faith, Goodman questions the circumstance and asks, â€Å"but where is Faith† (Hawthorne 11)? His desire to stay out of the path that leads him to the evil shows that his morals are stronger than his cravings to face the Devil.Show MoreRelatedTheme Of Young Goodman Brown And The Cask Of Amontillado970 Words   |  4 Pagesthat Nathaniel Hawthorne and Edgar Allan Poe comp liment and counteract this goal in their works â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† and â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado†, respectively, is with irony. Their masterful use of irony engages the reader in the work and invites them to consider the story and the characters’ intentions. The irony presented in â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† by Nathaniel Hawthorne and â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† by Edgar Allan Poe allows us to understand the emotions of the characters and the mood of the workRead MoreYoung Goodman Brown And A Cask Of Amontillado Analysis1110 Words   |  5 PagesYoung Goodman Brown and A Cask of Amontillado both incorporate a gothic theme to the simple yet intricate plotline they hold. Within the two short stories, irony scatters, adding to the overall grim theme. Although they use the same 3 types of irony, the authors use them differently and similarly at the same time. In Young Goodman Brown by Nathaniel Hawthorne and A Cask of Amontillado by Edgar Allen Poe, there are many examples of situational irony that are used comparably in both texts. DramaticRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allan Poe763 Words   |  4 Pagesliterature, stories contain themes that can be similar or different. The themes are as diverse as the stories themselves. Three stories will be discussed in this paper -- first, Edgar Allan Poe’s The Cask of Amontillado tells a dark tale of revenge. Next, in Shirley Jackson’s The Lottery, it is shown that a tradition can be dangerous when followed blindly. Finally, Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Young Goodman Brown deals with the loss of innocence and faith. In The Cask of Amontillado, the narrator, MontresorRead MorePoe vs Hawthorne1992 Words   |  8 Pagesliterary element he employed, however, would be false. Throughout history, authors have endeavoured to master other forms of literary elements, to become the master of those elements, and equal to none in them. By comparing â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† with â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†, is to study two masters, at odds with their specific forms of writing, but each a master in his own right. Each story shows how two people that can be so far apart on a scale, can use the same literary elements in similar andRead MoreFamous American Authors: Ralph Waldo Emerson, Edgar Allan Poe, and Nathanial Hawthorne554 Words   |  3 PagesEmerson was also an Idealist, someone who trusted that man’s morals and values would out weigh terrestrial desires that came from modern society. These two notions were weaved throughout some of his works such as Nature also, the theme of nature itself was a major theme in works later in Emerson’s life. Emerson’s tone on metaphysics was that nature was directly created and connect to the Over Soul, god-like being, and all man had to do to experience true divinity was to trandsend hisself with natureRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s The Mind1900 Words   |  8 Pagesof literature as a dream. Using this technique was said to reveal hidden motivations within the writer. It was an amazing thing that allowed authors to repressed desires by applying psychoanalytic techniques. For example in the famous story â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† by Nathaniel Hawthorne, he uses symbols and feeling throughout the whole story, and things like this really draw in the reader s attention. Nathaniel Hawthorne and Sigmund Freud both share an amazing writing technique, they like to rely onRead MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesthe process of change. So-called initiation novels, such as David Copperfield, Huckleberry Finn and the Great Gatsby, are examples. In each case the author has arranged the events of the plot so that they reveal the slow and painful maturing of the young protagonist coming into contact with the world of adult experience. Static characters leave the plot as they entered it, largely untouched by the events that have taken place. Although static characters tend to be minor ones, because the author’s principal

The Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass - 954 Words

Whipped, beaten and bloodied until there was no more energy left to give. African-American slaves in the early American world had to endure and struggle through some of the most gruesome punishments and on occasion, it was for no reason at all. In the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Douglass displays some occasions where he, even as a young boy, was subjected to some of these terrible events. Douglass plays on the pathos of his readers right from the beginning by tugging at our emotions with the story of his Aunt Hester. Does Douglass portray his violence to be over the top? Some might say yes, but even if it’s over the top, it is because it’s accurate. Some punishments that the slaves endured were whipping, hanging, beating, burning, branding, shackling and imprisonment (Boundless). Many of the plantations that housed slaves used these forms of brutality. Slaves could earn a one-way ticket to a punishment by trying to run away, a form of disobedience or s ometimes just because their master felt like it. One of the most violent forms of these brutal acts was the whipping. When a slave is whipped, they are literally stripped of their clothes and dignity and flogged with a rope, piece of leather or even cow skin with prongs. Depending on the slave master, the number of lashes changes. However, some masters just decide to whip until they grow tired or fatigued. In Douglass’s book, he talks about these horrific ordeals in great detail because he witnessed some ofShow MoreRelatedNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass987 Words   |  4 PagesLife of Frederick In the â€Å"narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass an American slave written by himself† Frederick reveled to audience the time he was living as a slave and the moments of brutal treats for example psychological, emotional and physical abuses. He was suffering terrible moments during his 20 years as a slave in the twentieth century. In addition, he describes in his own words the strategies he used to escape from the slave holders and to be free. This story the â€Å"Narrative of theRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1730 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the most well-known slavery narratives was lived and written by Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. Frederick Douglass was a civil rights activist who was born into slavery on a plantation in eastern Maryland in February 1818. His exact birth date is unknown, he states in his narrative, â€Å"I have no accurate knowledge of my age, never having seen any authentic record containing it.†2 His birth name was Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, which was given by hisRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Essay1102 Words   |  5 PagesDate Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Writing in the favor of black people has always remained controversial from the very beginning. Critics regard such writing as â€Å"a highly conventionalized genre† indicating that â€Å"its status as literature was long disputed but the literary merits of its most famous example such as Frederick Douglass s Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass†¦are widely recognized today.† (Ryan:537) Despite of such severe resistance, writers like Douglass have pennedRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1566 Words   |  7 PagesThe â€Å"Narratives of the Life of Frederick Douglass† is the story of Frederick Douglass’ life from the time he was born into slavery, to the time he escaped to freedom in the north. When Douglass wrote this book, slavery was still legal in a large portion of the United States. After Douglass’ escape to freedom and his continuation of his education, he became an abolitionist through his works of literatu re and speeches. In â€Å"The Blessings of Slavery†, by George Fitzhugh he states that southern slavesRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1257 Words   |  6 PagesBook Review By Mary Elizabeth Ralls Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass: An autobiography written by Frederick Douglass Millennium publication, 1945edition 75 pages Frederick Douglass whose real name was Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey approximately birthdate is in1818, the month or day is not known, he died in 1895. He is one of the most famous advocates and the greatest leaders of anti-slavery in the past 200 or so years.Read MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Essay1498 Words   |  6 Pagessoutherners believed that one of the most essential means of life was slavery. In the novel, Narrative of The Life of Frederick Douglass, Douglass challenges and debunks the idea of slavery being a necessary part of the white lifestyle; many pro-slavery arguments consisted of religion justifying slavery, slaves being â€Å"easily manipulated†/ignorant, and slavery keeping the southern economy from disappearing (The Proslavery Argument). Frederick uses personal experiences and other tactics to expose theRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1363 Words   |  6 Pages In The Narrative of the Life of Frederic k Douglass, Frederick Douglass portrays the importance of education because of its influence in leveling the playing field between the races in the 1800s. Education and knowledge are themes that are heavily dwelled upon throughout the novel, inspiring the reader to see the full power of such important ideals and to take the full advantage of both at all times. Douglass gives the reader a new appreciation for education as he delivers his message regardingRead MoreThe Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass1527 Words   |  7 Pagesconsidered â€Å"property† of their slaveholders and had no control over their own life. They were victims of psychological and physical brutal treatment. This story represents confinement, slavery and the lack of power African people had in such a racist society back in those days. African talents were absolutely wasted and they were considered inferior to white individuals. The â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass† sim ply addresses that white society was causing negative effects to itself andRead MoreNarrative Life Of Frederick Douglass1549 Words   |  7 PagesThe Narrative Life of Frederick Douglass’ is an autobiography of Frederick Douglass, the slave who escaped and became one of renowned social reformers of his time. The book is a collection of actual experiences of the author during his time in slavery and experiences of fellow slaves. He describes brilliantly the oppressive conditions into which he was born, lived, as well as his struggles and triumphs. The author meant to make the reader comprehend life of the African Americans in slavery beforeRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1255 Words   |  6 PagesFrederick Douglass, throughout Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, uses religion to get many of his points across. In one way, religion plays a huge role in Douglass’ ability to become literate throughout the text. With the Bible and other Christi an texts, Douglass is able to further his ability and the ability of others to read. This becomes important because as Douglass points out the slaveholders believe a literate slave is not a good slave. This union of literacy and religion show the

Cloud Computing Green IT Products

Question: Discuss about the Cloud Computing for Green IT Products. Answer: Part A Exercise 1: Greenhouse computing Greenhouse effect can be defined as the warming of the earth as a result of atmospheric gases (referred as greenhouse gases) absorbing, radiating, and trapping the suns energy close to the earth. The gases include nitrous oxide, methane, carbon dioxide, and artificial chemicals like chlorofluorocarbons released into the atmosphere from human activities ("Greenhouse effect", n.d.). Greening IT Products: It is true that we are required to green our IT products. Legally, there are environmental regulations in all countries that seek to minimize the cost of waste disposal and this has been adopted by manufacturing companies formulating policies geared towards environmental protection (Murugesan, 2008). Ethically as well as socially, greening IT products benefits us as well as improve the environmental conditions for sustainable life. Ethically no one would like to stay in a polluted environment therefore greening IT products is also our social responsibility. Greening IT and Benefits According to Murugesan (2008), green IT is concerned with production/manufacturing, usage, and disposal of IT products that have little or no impact to the environment. IT products consume a lot of electricity which has in turn placed a burden on electric grid thereby contributing to greenhouse gases. Besides the disposal of electronic devices which IT products are part of is costly. Individuals and organizations can benefit from greening IT products for efficient energy use, reuse, and recycling thereby reducing the cost of energy and waste disposal. In addition, most governments are becoming environment-conscious and impose levies for environmental pollution (Murugesan, 2008). Businesses and manufacturing companies can avoid these through IT products greening. Furthermore, investors and consumers are increasingly considering investing and purchasing of products that are environment friendly. IT companies practicing green IT stands to benefits from this as individuals become more en vironmental conscious. Exercise 2: Environmental Sustainability How to build a greener environment According to Murugesan (2010), we can create a greener environment by ensuring that the entire lifecycle of an IT product from designing, manufacturing, usage to disposal are greener. In terms of usage, all IT products should consume less energy and in consideration of the environmental sustainability. The products should also be easy to dispose, recycle, and reuse without any environmental impact. Designers should also ensure that new products designed such as computers, servers, data centers, and cooling systems among others are consume energy efficiently in addition to being environment friendly. In the manufacturing phase of the product lifecycle, manufacturing standards should be able to address environmental concerns or issues such that products manufactured have little or no impact at all to the environment. Observing these measures throughout a product lifecycle will guarantee environment sustainability. Article Summary After a long time of neglect or unawareness of the negative impacts IT products have on the environment, IT companies and individuals are now promoting greener standards within the industry to minimize these impact. So as to create a greener environment, the design, manufacturing, usage, and disposal phases of IT product lifecycle has to ensure that these products are energy sufficient, can be refurbished, reused, and recycled. Besides, innovations in IT can lead to creation of systems that brings about efficiency in business processes in other industries resulting to minimal environmental pollution. In addition, IT can help in environmental assessments via development of decision-support systems that can help mangers in making informed decisions concerning a companys operations in relation to environmental impact. However, Green IT can only be achieved if there is increased awareness and education of the IT professionals on the environmental impact of IT systems (Murugesan, 2010). Exercise 3: Environmentally Sound Practices Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) Power usage effectiveness (PUE) is a metric used to measure the proficiency of data centers in relation to energy consumed. This is determined by comparing the total amount of power supplied to the IT systems and the actual amount of power used by facilities in the data center (Belady, Rawson, Pfleuger, Cader, 2008). The reciprocal of PUE gives the Data Center infrastructure Efficiency (DCiE) which is the percentage of load (power supplied) used by the IT equipment. This is expressed in equation as follows: Data Center Efficiency Data Center Efficiency refers to the measures taken in ensuring the data center facilities consumption of energy is efficient. This can be expressed or determined by using the PUE and DCiE metrics as outlined above. Data Center Infrastructure Efficiency (DCiE) DCiE is a metric for calculating the amount of load (power) used by the IT equipment at the data center to determine its efficiency in energy consumption. It is expressed in terms of percentage as shown below: Universities offering Green Computing course The American Public University System green computing course is called Green Computing - advanced topics. It covers current research progress and developments in areas of green computing from computer hardware, software, to emerging organizations advocating for green computing ("AMU Course: ISSC387 - Green Computing: Advanced Topics", n.d.). Athabasca University (Canada) offers the course Green ICT Strategies ("Computer Science (COMP) 635", n.d.). This course focuses on different strategies used by private and public sectors at both local and international stage and how to apply them in working environment. Acadia University from Canada offers Green Computing IT (COMP 2923 A2) course that introduces students to issues raised from energy consumption by ICT systems and their impact ("Acadia University COMP 2923 X2 - Green Computing IT", n.d.). It also highlights the concerns by governments and business organizations in promoting development and use of energy efficient systems with minimal impact to the environment. In Sweden, Linkoping University has TDDD50 Green Computing course on offer. The course emphasizes on green computing through efficient energy consumption and gives students an opportunity to learn from various research works on green ICT ("TDDD50 Green Computing", n.d.). The Australian National University offers ICT Sustainability (COMP7310) course. The course looks at various ways of assessing and reducing the environmental impact of ICT systems with a view to ensuring efficient energy consumption ("COMP7310: ICT Sustainability", n.d.). Exercise 4: Major Cloud APIs JSON is an API by Google that provides backend interface for developers to access and manipulate projects on Google cloud ("Google Cloud Storage JSON API Overview", n.d.). According to Google, it is suitable for software developers experienced in web programming for HTTP based applications. The Developer Publishing API by Amazon enables developers to create, manage, and update their android applications hosted in the Amazon Appstore ("Developer Publishing API", n.d.). This has ease the publishing process for developers as this can be done from the building systems automatically. GoGrid has GoGrid Basic Firewall API v2. This API provides developer with an option of defining group security policies in a VM network ("GoGrid Basic Firewall API v2", n.d.). With a single API call, developers can be able to create and deploy multiple group policies in the network. For health application developers interested in using Microsoft health data, Microsoft provides the Microsoft Health Cloud API. With this API, developers can integrate their applications and have access to health data presented in JSON format (Microsoft Health Cloud API, n.d.). Part B Exercise 1: Greening IT Standards and Regulations The Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool (EPEAT) is a tool, system, or method that helps individuals, institutions, manufacturers, and resellers to identify electronic products that are environment friendly and meet the environmental regulations according to the given region (EPEAT Program Guidelines, 2015). Managed by Green Electronics Council (GEC) organization established in 2005, the EAPEAT requires the assessment of a products environmental impact throughout its lifecycle, from design, manufacturing, usage, recycling, reuse, to disposal. EPEAT certified products are labeled or categorized into bronze, silver, and gold levels. This levels basically indicate the environmental performance of the product. Products that meet all criteria requirements are rate as bronze while those that meet all set criteria and 50% of the requirements categorized as optional are silver rated. Those products certified with gold ratings have met all mandatory requirements and 75% of the req uirements identified as optional. Energy star 4.0 is a standard that came into effect in 2007 defining the energy requirements, power management, and guidelines for computing device manufacturers. The standard is meant to ensure that all computer products are energy efficient with minimal consumption of energy and environmental impact (ENERGY STAR Program Requirements for Computers, 2007). This will in turn translate to saving costs for power consumed and reduced demand on national power grids or generators of electricity. As a result, greenhouse gas emissions will be reduced. All computing devices from manufacturers are required to be tested before releasing them to the market based on the test cases, power management requirements, and energy efficiency requirements set by the standard. Products that meet these requirements are labeled with the ENERGY STAR logo and users are encouraged to purchase these certified products as they consume less energy with lower environmental effects. The Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive is directive that restricts the use of certain hazardous materials or chemical elements in the manufacturing of the electrical and electronic devices ("RoHS: compliance and guidance", 2014). Electronic manufactures, distributors, resellers as well as importers are required to observe that all electrical products that fall under the restricted devices as defined by the directive do not contain the chemical levels that are deemed dangerous to human besides being an environmental hazard. Some of these restricted materials and accepted levels include Lead (0,1%), Cadmium (0,01%), Mercury (0,1%), Polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) (0,1%), Hexavalent chromium (0,1%), and Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) (0,1%). Those found violating the directive will be punished as per the laws depending on the nature of the case. The directive is meant to guarantee the health of the population while minimizing pollution of environment from use of electro nic devices. Exercise 2: Green cloud computing There are various new methods and technologies proposed to reduce energy consumption and cost. With new innovations, it is possible to regulate the frequency of microprocessors and turn off circuit blocks that are not in use to save energy. Multiple Clock Domain (MCD) processor chip are split into four regions that supports independent and varying energy consumption that can be adjusted for efficient energy consumption (Xiong, Vandenberg, Han, 2012). There has also been development in task scheduling algorithms like 3D Computational Fluid Dynamics for rack-mounted servers that reduces the amount of power required during computational processing. To reduce the amount of power required for cooling, this has been achieved through task assignment algorithms. There are also proposed methods such as use of predictive thermal mapping tool called weatherman, use of Generic, Algorithm and Quadratic Programming for task scheduling, and deployment of sensor based thermal evaluation model. Furthermore, even though use of Virtual Machines helps reduce the number of hardware required and consequentially energy consumption, there have been proposals to reduce further energy requirements for the virtual machines. According to Xiong, Vandenberg, and Han (2012), Nathuji and Schwan have recommended a Virtual Power approach to isolate, support, and coordinate power management policies for the VMs that will in turn reduce energy consumption. There is also significant saving on energy for cloud computing platforms as a result of consolidating applications. There are also algorithms that manage efficiently requests and schedules for processes in multi-tiered web applications for virtual environments thereby reducing energy use. For cooling purposes in mainframe computers, researchers have proposed use of chilled-liquid that has shown significant results in reducing overheating in microprocessors. Use of networking equipment that can accommodate additional network traffic and smal ler hard disk drives has also been recommended to reduce energy consumption. Exercise 3: Cloud API Functionalities Nectar API The API in the link is the unofficial Nectar API, sainsburys-nectar-api. This is a Java based API that can be used to link and collect information from user accounts at Nectar. The information can include account name, currency, offers, points balance, and account type among others ("Google Code Archive - Long-term storage for Google Code Project Hosting.", 2013). Openstack Nova API The API mentioned in the link is the Openstack Nova API. This API is used in conjunction with the Python API and Command-line API ("python-novaclient 3.3.2 : Python Package Index", n.d.). Using this APIs, developers can be able to interact and access data hosted in the OpenStack cloud. Openstack Software Openstack is open source software that developers can use in developing public as well as private clouds ("Openstack", n.d.). In order for the developer to conveniently work with the Openstack softare, there are numerous APIs that one can work with to faster the development and deployment of a certain functionalities that the developer wants. Working through the APIs, the developer can be able to start server, instances, create images and link them with metadata instances, develop storage containers and related objects for data storage among other activities in the OpenStack cloud. Some examples of these APIs include the Data Processing API that can be used to configure Hadoop distributed database system, Domain name Server (DNS) API for configuration of the DNS services, and Container Infrastructure Management API for defining, creating, and management of storage containers. Other APIs include Compute API, Identity API, Image Service API, Messaging API, networking APi, Search API am ong others to facilitate the developers work ("OpenStack Docs: OpenStack API Documentation", 2016). The APIs are many and can be used to attain different functionalities in the OpenStack cloud depending on the application one is building. References Acadia University COMP 2923 X2 - Green Computing IT.Acadia University. Retrieved 13 October 2016, from https://socrates.acadiau.ca/courses/comp/dsilver/2923/ AMU Course: ISSC387 - Green Computing: Advanced Topics.Apus.edu. Retrieved 13 October 2016, from https://www.apus.edu/schedule-classes/schedule/course/issc387 Belady, C., Rawson, A., Pfleuger, J., Cader, T. (2008).GREEN GRID DATA CENTER POWER EFFICIENCY METRICS: PUE AND DCIE.Thegreengrid.org. Retrieved 13 October 2016, from https://www.thegreengrid.org/~/media/WhitePapers/White_Paper_6_-_PUE_and_DCiE_Eff_Metrics_30_December_2008.ashx?lang=en COMP7310: ICT Sustainability.Australian National University. Retrieved 13 October 2016, from https://cs.anu.edu.au/courses/comp7310/ Computer Science (COMP) 635.Athabasca University. Retrieved 13 October 2016, from https://www.athabascau.ca/syllabi/comp/comp635.php Developer Publishing API.Amazon Developer Portal. Retrieved 13 October 2016, from https://developer.amazon.com/developer-publishing ENERGY STAR Program Requirements for Computers. (2007) (1st ed., pp. 1-16). 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Retrieved 13 October 2016, from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2011:174:0088:0110:EN:PDF TDDD50 Green Computing.Linkoping University. Retrieved 13 October 2016, from https://www.ida.liu.se/~TDDD50/info/courseinfo.en.shtml Xiong, N., Vandenberg, A., Han, W. (2012). Green cloud computing schemes based on networks: a survey.IET Communications,6(18), 3294-3300. https://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-com.2011.0293