Intake Interview

Patient: Smith, Jane DOB: 06/ 13/ 1985 Date of Interview: 02/05/2010 Date of Report: 02/06/2010 IDENTIFYING INFORMATION: Ms. Smith is a 24 year old white woman currently residing in Vancouver, WA. She is employed as a hairstylist and currently lives in an apartment with two friends and their newborn son. Ms. Smith has been seen for mental health symptoms previously as a teenager, and was referred again on this visit by a colleague. The following report information is based on information collected from my interview with the patient, her medical chart, and psychological testing. CHIEF COMPLAINT: â€Å"I feel like sometimes my life is too much to handle. It makes me sick to think about things and I am not sure I can stand much more. I feel like there is no hope. I am all alone and I think I will always be alone. † HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS: Ms. Smith says she frequently suffers from anxiety attacks and is often times unable to cope with stress while at work. She states she feels sweaty, weak and dizzy when thinking about life. Over the last two years she has been unable to relax, often has difficulty falling or staying asleep, and often feels ill and tired. She says her primary way of coping is alcohol. When unable to drink she reports her anxiety levels being â€Å"unbearable† and tries to stay away from social interaction. She also reports that her anxiety increases after nights of drinking as she feels like everyone is watching her. Ms. Smith has been diagnosed with high blood pressure which may be caused by her weight gain over the last three years. SOCIAL HISTORY: Ms. Smith is currently single and has no children. She was living with her father until she was forced to leave after a domestic dispute caused a no contact order between them two years ago. Her mother and father separated four years ago and her mother moved out of their house into her own apartment. She states that until the separation she heavily relied on both parents for social and financial support. She has two older sisters, both of whom do not live in the area. While she says that one sister is caring she describes the other as â€Å"self-centered† and says she has a hard time staying close to either due to location. She recalls her childhood as â€Å"normal† although she felt like her parent’s attention was given primarily to her sisters. She says that she has a large group of friends, but tries to hide her emotional distress and anxiety from them as she does not want to be burdensome. Ms. Smith reports suffering from significant financial distress after moving out of her parents. She also says she is unhappy with her living situation and the new addition to their household. Ms. Smith also shows great concern over being single and without a relationship since she was 16. She attributes her problems in dating to her gain in weight and says it has dramatically decreased her self esteem. CURRENT/PAST PYCHIATRIC HISTORY: Ms. Smith reports that at age 16 she visited a mental health clinic for the same symptoms and was diagnosed with general anxiety disorder and depression. She was prescribed an antidepressant and also attended counseling sessions one to two times weekly. Ms. Smith said that her symptoms improved within six months and she discontinued both the use of her prescription and counseling. She said after discontinuation symptoms once again started to reappear, however with less intensity, until the past few years when intensity has increased. CURRENT AGGRESSIVE IDEATION AND BEHAVIORNO X YES ALCOHOL AND SUBSTANCE USE HISTORYNO YES X Patient reports that she consumes alcohol on average five times a week. She drinks five to ten drinks per sitting. She also reports that on occasion the smokes marijuana. While Ms. Smith states that she does not think alcohol or drugs are negatively affecting her, she does report increased anxiety and paranoia after drinking. She has also been ticketed and charged for having a controlled substance after her car was searched for a routine traffic violation. DSM- IV DIAGNOSTIC IMPRESSIONS AXIS I: Generalized Anxiety Disorder Dysthymic Disorder AXIS II: Deferred AXIS III: High Blood Pressure AXIS IV: Adjustment to weight gain and changes in finances, social support, and lifestyle AXIS X: Global Assessment of Functioning Scale Score: 80 CLINICAL FORULATION: Ms. Smith presents as very depressed and anxious. Her symptoms appear to be that of dysthymic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. I believe that these are onset by interlinked biological, psychological and social factors. It is likely that the dysthymic disorder results from maladaptive, flawed, or irrational cognitions taking the form of distorted thoughts and judgments. Ms. Smith has experienced traumatic family situations, unwanted separation, as well as lack of social support from family and friends. It appears that these have caused her to feel negatively about herself which has affected her feeling of self-worth and ability to successfully respond to the tasks and stressors present in daily living. It is likely that these maladaptive behaviors were learned from friends or family. These stressors are causing increased anxiety and hopelessness. The anxiety disorder developed a result of not being able to cope with the dysthymic disorder. Due to the fact that these are so closely intertwined, without treatment the depression and anxiety Ms. Smith is experiencing, as well as alcohol dependency will likely worsen. TREATMENT PLAN: Outpatient therapy may involve medication and/or therapy. Behavior therapy will help Ms. Smith to examine her behaviors as to determine exactly what is decreasing her mood or keeping her from achieving goals. This therapy should be conducted in individual therapy sessions, one or more times a week until symptoms improve. As well as therapy Ms. Smith should be prescribed an antidepressant to deal with the contributing biological factors. Ms. Smith should seek evaluation for alcohol and drug dependency, as it appears she is using these substances for self medication. It is important that she discontinues use in order to learn new coping mechanisms.

Ballet: The Ultimate Expression Of Romantic Imagination

Imagine your legs in rotation from the thin castle of hips to the small tarsal bones of the foot, tracing the path of a man lost in the paradise of love; they revolve around the tiny space underneath the straightened tip of hallux to reinstate the eternal truth: to love is all, to love is supreme. From the abdomen to the cradle of the neck, all muscles are contracted to give support to the flexible rotating limbs. You squeeze some ‘fluid’ off the buttock until it flattens to the dance of romance and strays away†¦Away? Oh! Not in the hands of ignoble men belonging to the immoral club but carried by the wind of romance with steps similar to heroic ballerinas like Taglioni and Cerrito. No one can describe that feeling better. No one can depict the imagination and express it in terms easy to understand than the excellent flexible and portable ballerina with graceful moves, steps and turns that drive the heart of the audience to the land of eternal bliss where romance re igns supreme.With the solo production of gracious music and the body movements on the heroic stage of wonders, from simple demi-plie to complex enchainement, one is swept off the feet, and fallen to the ground only to open one’s eyes to the reality of the imagination. This is what ballet can. Indeed, it is the ultimate expression of the romantic imagination. If you check out the message on display, the music that dictates and the serene environment that fills the hall, one comes to the conclusion that if grand opera were a god, it would bow when it sees ‘ballet’ and exclaims: ‘I am great and gracious.I bring music in its serenity and divinity. I fill the atmosphere with the grand performance of musicians, their notes and instruments. I do capture the imagination of romance in words and music lines but lack one thing: the calculated moves and accurate body characters of the ballet dancer; the language it speaks is far more reaching than words; it creates the imagination in acts eyes can behold, and sends the mind into the scene with a leader’ Is anything left to say? MATERIALS: Fiero, Gloria K. ; The Humanistic Tradition, Fifth Edition; Volume 5, Chapter 29. Fonteyn, M. (1980). The magic of dance. BBC Books, London

Themes of Crhistian Faith Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Themes of Crhistian Faith - Essay Example lshtain judges the historical and modern events through the prism of religious and divine monism and promotes a view that only sovereignty of God can give societies a better sense of dignity, decency, and common sense. Elshtain’s book is a sustained examination, critique, and interpretation of monistic understanding of the sovereignty of God, states, and selves (227). The central thesis of the book claims that as a sovereign state is sovereign to God, so sovereign selves are to sovereign states (159). Elshtain’s book revolves around the topic of monistic religions, the finality of God’s religious word, and the conflict between individual autonomy and the power of religion. Elshtain discusses and evaluates the changes that have occurred to the current position of religion against the state: today, individuals seek to rely on individual judgments and no longer regard the word of God as the source of the ultimate truth. Elshtain refers to the case of Terry Schiavo to judge and condemn her family’s decision to let Terry die. Elshtain is confident that a truly theological state would not let family members kill Terry simply because she was causing them discomfort. Elshtain a sserts that Terry’s family members applied to the power of the state, state laws, and their autonomy to take the decisions that go against the will of God. Elshtain is confident that the shift of God’s sovereignty to the sovereignty of state marks the erosion of decency, dignity, and common sense in society and gives way to using others for the sake of personal comfort. The discussion of the bound and unbound state and self are among the central categories in Elshtain’s book. These categories reflect the two opposing dimensions of the moral theory and represent the two dramatically different aspects of philosophic and religious reasoning. The discussion of state-bound and self-bound categories must begin with the reference to the Biblical scriptures. In ACTS 5:29 we read: â€Å"Peter and

Distrust Towards the West in the Middle East Term Paper

Distrust Towards the West in the Middle East - Term Paper Example The only thing that joins them and serves as a binding force is there negative perception and distrust towards the West in general and the US in particular. The perception of the Western and American people is not very positive as well, they consider most of the Middle Eastern population and countries as uncivilized and uncultured with prevailing tribal traditions. They are considered as the originators and masterminds of the post 9/11 terrorism. The only civilized people are the ones who have benefited from the discovery of oil and this perception is legitimate up to some extent because the perception is based upon what is shown on the media. There is a remarkable difference between people living in the same countries, with urbanization on western patterns in some cities and old tribal traditions and ways of living prevalent in the rural areas of the same country. Religion is the most important binding force but there are two major divisions Shiites and Sunnis which are further divi ded into various different factions. But when it comes to hatred toward the Israeli state or the Jews, the whole Middle Eastern world is united under the same flag and leads the whole Islamic world against Jews and Israel because of the beliefs that they are the eternal enemies of the Muslims. There are several reasons behind this distrust and hatred towards the west the most important of which is the Palestine-Israel issue in which the west have always supported Israel. In the First World War, the Ottoman Empire which consisted mostly of the current Middle Eastern states sided with the German forces and the British and French considered the Ottoman Empire as the weak link in the enemy alliance. With the help of people like Sharif Hussein who sided with the British against the wishes of the Ottoman Empire and Arabian people on condition that the Arabs will be given independence after the end of the war, but the British did not fulfill their promise and when the Ottoman Empire was fi nally defeated in 1918, the British and the French disbanded the Empire and demarcated the boundaries between various regions of the Empire which were formally the provinces of Ottoman Empire and made them into separate states under the French or the British rule. The present picture of the map of the Middle Eastern states though seems very natural but was actually carved out by the French and the British after the First World War to fulfill their own interests. The distrust towards the West was seeded after the First World War and the Middle Eastern states never considered the Western World as its allies because of the treatment they received after the end of the war. United States was not directly involved in the affairs of the Middle East after the First World War but always supported the British decisions and division of the Middle Eastern regions into various states. The majority of the people of the Middle are Muslims and it is a religious belief of the Muslims that wherever t hey live in this whole world, they form one nation and the Muslim majority regions of the world should form one state. Therefore the division of the Ottoman by the British was considered as an effort to weaken the Muslims globally. During the war, the British double crossed for their own interests, they promised the Jews that they will be given a separate state in the Biblical

Are Cell Phones Really Dangerous to People Research Proposal

Are Cell Phones Really Dangerous to People - Research Proposal Example The problem has been identified: children have often access to cell phones with the permission of their parents. This trend is extremely dangerous especially since scientists have set severe restrictions regarding the potential use of cell phones by children – but these restrictions seem to be ignored by most of the people worldwide. At this point, the following problem appears: are cell phones really dangerous to people? This problem has been explored through a series of relevant studies. It is proved that cell phones can actually harm health; moreover, it seems that the risks for health can be severe for people of all ages. At the next level, it has been made clear that the ways in which cell phones can affect the health of humans can vary; the direct use of cell phone may be less harmful compared to the residence near a cell phone tower. Dr. Vini Khurana studied the effects of cell phones on health; his research led to the following findings: ‘the use of handsets for 10 years or more can double the risk of brain cancer’ (Geoffrey 2008). In the above study, is given on the fact that certain types of cancer can take quite long to develop – even up to a decade; therefore, the above study – having lasted for such period - provides a precise estimation of the potential effects of cell phones on the brain. Another important finding of the study of Khurana has been the following one: cell phones can be more dangerous from smoking; the above finding indicates the level of risk related to the use of cell phones but also the level at which cell phones intervene in daily activities have led to the development of addiction similar to smoking – as this problem is revealed through the study presented above. The various aspects of the danger of cell phones for human health are analyzed in the article of Kovach (2007); in the above article reference is made to the findings of the research developed by George Carlo, a medical scientis t who has spent years on studying the effects of cell phones – both of handsets and cell phone towers – on health; his research lasted from 1993 up to 1999 and reveals a series of important aspects of the health risks related to the use of cell phones. The key findings of his study could be summarized as follows: a) cell phones are not tested as for their risks for health; they enter the market without any testing, as a result of a legislative gap of the period when these devices appeared – the 1980s, b) cell phones can cause severe problems of health, even death, since they are involved in the continuous transmission of waves which can adversely affect the bio-field of humans (Kovach 2007); it is possible for this reason that cell phones have been also related to the changes in the DNA of their users – as also highlighted below.  

Discussion #8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussion #8 - Essay Example It was only after the civil war and the abolition of slavery that the prison system was developed. Before that time correction was limited to physical torture or to capital punishment. Therefore, the idea of prisons was originated as a substitute for slavery. In the beginning of the installment of prisons, prisoners had to endure the Chain Gang system under-which they were forced to work in inhuman conditions. The actual prison labor system is viewed by many as the extension to the above form of abuse as it's based on the exploitation of prisoners. Imprisoned workers are extremely underpaid and don't get the same rights as regular workers such as health insurance and retirement benefits. Add to that that they are obliged to work without their consent. All the previous facts prove that prisons weren't developed for just correctional purposes but mostly for economical ones. That is most proven by the actual tendencies to privatize prisons so that these will be run by various profit organizations instead of the government. For the reasons mentioned earlier, prisoners are considered to be a treasure for these organizations' runners. That provides a logical explanation for the explosion of the incarceration rates in the United States the last few years. Incarceration rates in the USA are considered to be the highest in the world indeed! It comes as a matter of fact that black workers are incarcerated at over eight times the white rate.

Critque Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critque - Essay Example All of these are believed to aid in the learning of the students on the particular content proposed by Ms. McMahon. Her work obviously is centered on the premise that media has an important part in the education of the patients. However, she does not show a random use of available media. Her use of these materials is anchored on the objectives she has set out for each session of her program. For example, the discussion on the importance of aerobic exercise, through the use of video presentations and giving out of handouts, is done in the first few sessions of the patient education program. In so doing, she enables the students to comprehend the objectives of the program, the activities of each session and the overall impact of the class to their well-being. Also, in her lesson on the duration of exercise, she gives the students exercise charts where the students can note and monitor how long or how often they have done the assigned exercise and to what extent they have reached their targets. This is a good follow-up of learning because the students will be able to apply what they have learned (th at this type of cardio work-out can only last for this period of time or that doing this cardio work-out should bring heart rate to this value) and that this will also monitor the development of the patients in as far as their participation on the activities is concerned. I agree on her use of various types of media because this makes the patients eager for the next lessons in their anticipation of what media will be used. Also, the class content in itself needs the use of media, particularly videos and pictures to show or illustrate the various exercises, materials used and the like. The classic classroom discussion is not sufficient with this type of class content or class objective. The flow or sequencing of events in the program is also well planned. It starts with the

Aviation Safety Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Aviation Safety Questions - Essay Example Of course the responsibility lies with the air carrier to safeguard their customers, their employees and provide them proper working environment in every possible way, but it is in their best interest as well so to say, as regards to business point of view, because statistics have shown that an aircraft accidents’ true cost in claims, lost employee time or use, and lost customers is 4 times the actual cost of the accident. For example, US Air estimates that the Pittsburgh accident’s actual cost was 30 to 40 Million dollars. This means that the accidents true cost is somewhere around 140 Million dollars. The FA act charges the FAA with the responsibility for promulgating and enforcing adequate standards and regulations (Alexander & Clarence, 2004). The main focal point of any Air Carrier Safety Program is the Safety Officer. Sometimes those that see the best are those that are not as close to the situation. To ensure safety, an outsider like safety officer is a very practical solution. FSDOs nationwide handle the dual function of safety inspection and advice for airline. Local FSDOs conducts several types of inspections on each airline’s maintenance and operations functions. If a certificate holder fails to comply, section 609 of the FA act specifies that the FAA may reexamine any certificate holder or appliance. Inspectors periodically conduct maintenance base inspections which focus on the record kept by an airline like airworthiness directives compliance, and conduct shop inspections to observe maintenance procedures and carry out ramp inspections to observe the airworthiness of the aircraft. A similar operations base inspection focuses on records concerning the hours of training and check rides given pilots and the rest periods between duty shifts given crews as required by regulations. En route inspections involve inspections of

A Simple Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A Simple Plan - Essay Example At the beginning of the story, Hank Mitchel in the company of his brother Jacob and Jacob’s friend called Lou are in Jacob’s truck. â€Å"†¦, Howdy, Hank," he said, grinning. Jacob smiled at me from behind the wheel. His dog, a big, overgrown mutt, mostly German shepherd, but with some Labrador thrown in on top, was in the back. It was a male dog, but Jacob had named him Mary Beth, after a girl hed dated in high school, his first and only girlfriend. He referred to him as a "she," too, as if the dogs name had blinded him to his gender. I climbed in, Lou pulled himself up behind me, and we backed our way down my driveway to the street.† (p. 4). A fox crosses their path, and the three of them decide to chase after it. The fox leads them to discovering a plane that had crashed into the woods. Upon scrutinizing and checking the plane, they find a dead pilot and a bag of money. The three of them decide to keep the money and share it later when there could be no m ore talk of it. The three men discovered the money together and in the event that they were to share the cash; then they should have done so in equal proportions. What followed indicated that Hank was a greedy man, especially for money First, Hank feels that the money would not be safe if they kept the whole sum. Consequently, his wife advises him to take some of the money back to the plane. They hope that that would help them to waylay suspicion. While back in the woods, Hank kills a Mr. Pederson along selfish lines. He knew within him that Mr. Pederson would spill the secret to the public. Hank wanted to escape liability of having killed a person, so he sets up Lou by blackmailing him using the money. After Lou discovers Hank’s intention, he becomes agitated and engages in fuss with him prompting Jacob to kill Lou. â€Å"†¦He didnt finish his sentence. There was an explosion behind me, a flash of blue light followed instantly by a sense of movement over my left shoulder. I

Julius Caesar and Other Assassinations Essay Example for Free

Julius Caesar and Other Assassinations Essay Former President Jimmy Carter said â€Å"We will not learn to live together in peace by killing each other†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Jimmy Carter – Nobel Lecture). This statement is supported by the countless events of history and the many accounts of death from the past. Death is a natural but heartbreaking event affects all who were once close to the now deceased. But the reaction of the people who knew the dead may react differently to the incident. The moment we humans take our first breath, our death begins but for many people the time is not right. The response of a population is greatly dependent on the reasoning of the death. Murderous acts are committed for different reasons that infect the mind of those who carry out such an inhumane action. The murder of a powerful Roman is forever reenacted in the play, The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, written by William Shakespeare. The clashing art of betrayal and loyalty drive the characters to war. In the last century, the murders of two political figures around the world emulate the death of Julius Caesar as it is portrayed in Shakespeare’s play. Both assassinations of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire and the late former Prime Minister of Pakistan, Benazir Bhutto are similar to Caesar’s. The result of all three assassinations is violence that ravages the streets and civilizations of their respective areas. Julius Caesar was born near July 13, 100 B. C. and grew up to a family of politics. An early introduction to politics helped Caesar gain his reputation in Rome as a potential official. At the same time that Caesar was presenting himself as an official in the Roman Senate, he displayed a powerful, deadly reputation as a general. Caesar was captured on his route towards Rhodes, in the attempt to become a better orator which would help him politically. He manipulated his captors to the point where they were doing his biddings (Bio. True Story). Then when he was let go, Caesar raised a navy and arrested the pirates that held him captive; he crucified them for their effort to keep him in custody (Bio. True Story). Upon his return back to Rome, Caesar was elected praetor which was the first political office one could hold in Roman society. Caesar’s political rising would gain momentum with the help of marrying prominent women and victories in battle. Caesar defeated many armies during his rise to power. Over a span of 13 years he defeated a number of separate armies. Capturing Gaul and defeating the praised Roman, Pompey, added to Caesar’s popularity among the people of Rome. Shakespeare’s play begins with the people praising Caesar as he returns from his success against Pompey (Shakespeare 1. 1). But not everyone in Rome is celebrating Caesar’s return. Caesar’s friend and a Roman official, Brutus, as well as Cassius, Cinna and others, is planning a coup to assassinate Caesar. The heedful soothsayer warns Caesar of the Ides of March but Caesar completely disregards his counsel. The blithe Caesar is too euphoric with the praise he is receiving from the people that he disdains the soothsayer. And the conspirators plan is executed with on the Ides of March. Caesar’s death is imminent since the beginning of the first scene and he is killed with the conspirators stabbing him at the foot of Pompey’s statue (Shakespeare 3. 3). Caesar’s friend, Mark Antony, is given permission to speak to the people on behalf of Caesar’s side of the happening and his lament persuades the people of Rome to turn against the conspirators. The conspirators’ actions are committed based on an alleged â€Å"ambition† that would later consume Caesar but Antony provided facts to counteract their argument. The people begin to ravage the Roman Empire after Antony’s mourning speech. Chaos runs through the streets and there is no way to assuage this rampage. The angered population of Rome roams the streets killing hundreds of innocent people, along with government officials. They will find a reason to kill, an example being the murder of Cinna the Poet just because he shares the name with Cinna the Conspirator (Shakespeare 3. ). The assassination of Julius Caesar destroys Rome and causes a war. Rome is a headless chicken; it is running amok without any cerebration. Not only is there anarchy in Rome, two opposing armies are being raised. Antony, along with Octavius and Lepidus, is building his army to oppose the burgeoning armies of Brutus and Cassius (Shakespeare 4. 1-2). The aftermath of Caesar’s murder has Rome destroyed and the government corrupt. A little less than two thousand years later, another European murder changed the world. Treaties between all the European powers of the late 1800’s and early 1900 kept peace between the countries but tension quickly arose in Eastern Europe. Austria successfully annexed the two provinces, Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a cash settlement given to Turkey. But Serbian Empire did not agree to this because they wanted both regions as their own territories (Sowards). This annexation led umbrage in Serbia and unfortunately a murder for the heir to the Austria-Hungarian Empire. The Austria-Hungarian Empire’s heir to the throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand was scheduled to visit Sarajevo for a military inspection in the city (History. om). He and his wife, Sophie, arrived in the Bosnian capital, Sarajevo, on their anniversary date (History. com). They, alongside his motorcade, left the army camp with the intent of going to City Hall. But as they approached City Hall, seven assassins (six who were armed) proceeded onto the sidewalk adjacent to the route the Archduke was on. Bombs were thrown and exploded on the street but nothing injured Ferdinand or his wife. One of the cars in Ferdinand’s caravan and several pedestrians were injured but he continued on. But, his auspicious trip in Sarajevo ended on the route back from City Hall. One of the assassins, Gravelo Princip, was present during the unfortunate mistake of Ferdinand’s driver. He had turned on the wrong street and in the undertaking of reversing allowing Princip to approach the car (Sowards). He fired two shots: one hitting the Archduke in the neck and the other penetrating Sophie’s stomach, causing her to die instantly (â€Å"World War One†). This murder caused a disastrous chain of events that had the globe at war. Austria was able to put the Serbian government responsible for the crime because the assassins were a part of a Serbian group. But Serbia had allies through treaties with Russia while Austria-Hungary had ties to Germany. Along with Russia came France because of their alliance and France carried in Britain. Within a few weeks after Ferdinand’s murder, Europe erupted in conflict. The middle of Europe was in arms against both the eastern and western fronts. Associations with other countries brought all of Europe into the war (Sowards). The United States was later dragged in to keep trade alive with France and England. All hemispheres were present on the battlefield, later ending in one of the deadliest wars in all of history. Just as in The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, the death of an official led to a war. Political problems are the reason for wars and other international affairs. But political problems do not always solely create problems internationally, but also in individual countries. In recent years, the Middle East has been in political turmoil. Terroristic groups are running corrupted governments and late former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto has fallen victim to them. Bhutto was a precocious girl having attended Harvard’s Radcliffe College and soon after at Oxford University in England. Her family was downgraded when her father was hanged under the new government that had just taken power upon her return (â€Å"Benazir Bhutto†). She also experienced the arbitrary persecution of the government ruled by the military when she was arrested many times. She protested the government as often as she could but she always fled to avoid persecution; Bhutto would return to England after being released (Benazir Bhutto). Then in 1988, she became one of the youngest persons to hold the office as Prime Minister, as well as being the first woman to take the position. Two years later, she was removed from office after another corrupted leader won the presidency. Reelected in 1993, she was only in office another three years until the president again dismissed her from being the Prime Minister for Pakistan (â€Å"Benazir Bhutto†). She was later sent into exile for more than ten years (â€Å"Benazir Bhutto†). Later she returned in 2007 to help her political party campaign. Unfortunately terroristic activity attacked her at rallies where more than 100 people were killed. The last two murder attempts left Bhutto dead in her limousine with a bullet wound to the neck (â€Å"Benazir Bhutto†). She was pronounced dead at the hospital two miles away from the devastated scene. There are many conspiracies behind the assassination but the terrorist who killed Bhutto detonated a bomb that was strapped to his body as soon as he killed her. Immediately after the proclamation of her death, supporters filled the hospital. Bhutto’s casket was carried down the halls and stairs of the hospital high over the heads of those who mourned her death (â€Å"Benazir Bhutto†). A former Prime Minister before Bhutto states â€Å"†¦ [Today] is the saddest day [in Pakistan’s history]† (â€Å"Benazir Bhutto Assassinated†). Riots broke out all over Pakistan from the streets of Karachi to just outside Bhutto’s hospital. The entire country was being destroyed due to the people’s reaction to the murder. The police were given the permission to open fire on any protestor potentially violent (The Guardian). The chaos that was present in the streets was so dangerous that citizens were advised to stay home (â€Å"Benazir Bhutto Assassinated†). The riots that happened in Pakistan were very similar to the riots in The Tragedy of Julius Caesar; it was not safe to be outside and even more dangerous if you had some relation to the murderers. Pakistan’s corruption was then put into the spotlight even more than it was before because of this murder. The chance of freedom that Bhutto brought with her into office ended once the bullet ended her life. The act of mourning can quickly turn violent in the attempt to avenge someone’s death. Reacting cursorily without thinking heedfully is dangerous because in all three cases of the people of Rome in Julius Caesar, the countries that started World War I after Franz Ferdinand’s death and the people of Pakistan created havoc and destroyed their own homes. There will always be resentment towards people with power depending on one’s point of view. Of course there will be opposing viewpoints and radicals will take it to extremes so that their side will come out victorious. But these differences do not change the fact that what happened was completely wrong. Assassinations of political figures ruin the families and friends of the deceased, along with the country they are from. It becomes a national tragedy for many. Violence only begets violence.

Investigating Criminal Justice And Forensic Science

Investigating Criminal Justice And Forensic Science The main field of criminal investigation is forensic science. It is most important to understand to forensic science first. Forensic science is the application of the science to the criminal and civil laws that are enforced by police agencies in a criminal justice system (Richard S. 2007, page-5). Criminal investigation is the collection of information and evidence for identifying, apprehending and convicting suspected offenders Professor Ralph F. Turner of Michigan State University prefers: A criminal investigation is the reconstruction of the past event Either definition may be clarified further by examining the specific responsibilities of the investigator (James W.O. and Richard H.W., 2000, page no. 5). This essay will first demonstrate the brief history of criminal investigation then it will describe crime laboratory including their basic and operational services. Finely we will discuss some important technology. The aim of this essay describes criminal investigation before and now due to addition of new technologies (see appendix 1.1). History of criminal investigation Today many believe that Sir Arthur Conan Doyle had considerable influence on popularizing scientific crime-detection methods through his fictional character Sherlock Holmes, who first applied newly developing principles of serology (see appendix 1.1), fingerprinting, firearms identification and questions-documents examination long before their value was first recognized and accepted by real-life criminal investigations(Richard S. 2007, page-5). Previous kind of controlled confirmation did not start to grow until the 18th and 19th centuries for crime, a time during which much of our modern -day chemistry understanding was just starting to be developed. Then new forensic term Toxicology was described by Mathieu Orfila (1787-1853) in 1840 for his criminal investigation. (White P.C. 2008, page -2). In addition Bresler (1992) suggests that in Brussels during 1843 the police took the first ever photograph of a criminal. In France early 1879 Alphonse Bertillon (1853-1914) appointed for police in city of Paris to process documents file with description of photographs (Lan K. P., 2005 page-4), He also devised the first scientific system of personal identification in 1879 in this system he applied some series of body measurements to identify criminal and others. For few decades it was good method for criminal identification after it takeover by fingerprinting nearly 1900s, early his effort make him Father of criminal identification ( Richard S. 2007, page-6). However it was first time in criminal investigation and now forensic scientists use this result for combination of analytical measurement to discriminate between groups or to compare samples. Fingerprints became more successful method for personal identification. It was Sir William Herschel, a British civil servant in India and Henry Faulds got credit for early investigation (White P.C. 2008, page-3). Francis Galton (1822-1911) First definitive study of fingerprints and developed a methodology of classifying them for filing. He also published a book Finger Prints which contented the first statistical proof supporting the uniqueness of his method of personal identification (Richard S. 2007, page-6). On the other hand up until 1900 it had been impossible to determine if a blood sample or stain was of human or animal origin (White P.C. 2008, page-3). Then Blood groups technique immediately applied to criminal investigation in 1915 by Dr. Leone Letter (1887-195 7). Before Dr. Karl Landsteiner discovered blood may organize in sub classes as A, B, AB, and O. then comes to know that, it can be use full for criminal identification (Richard S. 2007, page-6). As well as in 1910, Albert S. Osborn wrote first book Questioned Documents. In this book he developed some principles of documents analysis which is recognized by court. Apart from this an advocate Edmond Locard convinced The Lyons Police department to start police laboratory. His works was identified by forensic scientist and criminal investigators then they support him become founder and director of the institute of Criminalistics at the University of Lyons. He thought that when a criminal involved in criminal activity so he can be associated with crime by dust particles (Locard `s Exchange principle: whenever two or more objects come in contact with one another, there is exchange of material between them). On the behalf of this proof criminal arrested and feel guilty himself in court. Af ter 1st world-wore he was successes to agree some country to built police laboratory. Now Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is biggest laboratory in world which is analysing up to one million cases every year (Richard S. 2007, page-8). (See appendix 1.1, 1.3 and 1.4). Crime laboratory for criminal investigation Criminal laboratories are mainly developed by agencies which have prospective purpose to criminal investigation or pushed by rising order of casework. This independent agencies increased number of staff one employee to more than hundred and improved their facility in particular direction. New technology lead forensic scientist with various skills and application to face active participation in criminal justices system. There are two main basic and optional services provided by forensic laboratories. In basic services, firstly physical science unit analyses principle of geology, physic and chemistry to find out criminal with the help of crime-scene proof (drugs, paint, soil, glass and explosive). Second is biology unit which is now a day`s mainly responsible for DNA Profiling. They took DNA from various sources (like hair, blood, skin, saliva and more) and lead to arrest correct criminal. Thirdly firearms unit, they look for target of angle, which arms have been used. Then documents e xamine unit, analyze handwriting, relation between paper and ink. Finely photography unit, new technique like x-ray, ultraviolet and digital photography bring invisible things to in evidence. Other operational services are toxicology unit, Latent fingerprinting unit, polygraph unit, voiceprint analysis unit and crime scene investigation (Richard S. 2007, page-13). We will discuss in detail in next few paragraphs and how it have changed with time. (See appendix 1.1). Process and technology involved in criminal invigoration and how it developed with time Forensic evidence starts at the scene if proofs are unrecognized or handle without care at the scene, most of laboratory analysis will be unable to identify truthful proof for crime and scene cant be revisit for more effort to documented other proof. There are some people involved for responsibility this task, which are police officers, detectives, crime scene examiner, scientific support officer, or forensic scientist. In 19th century, technical supports were rising because of first most important work was identified and documented by Gross in a book Criminal Investigation for the importance of systematic approaches then his work was also influences this time for art of crime detections. Importance of content proof was first see by Locard (See appendix 1.1) which can give links in series of proof and because of him in 20th century, the big jump forward in analytical technique and electronic revolution in every branch of science to facilitate Locard trace proof which can be glass, fi bres, soil, blood, hair, and many more. This proof we can include as physical evidence. (White P.C. 2008, page -21). But it is unworkable to collect all things from crime site. The experienced investigator well-known to recognized important object and how it can be used as a proof of crime and how field expert can analysis this thing in laboratory. There is some common types of physical evidence, firstly blood, semen and saliva; with this samples they identify it`s human or animal (see appendix 1.1) in past but now with this proof a biologist can describe correct criminal with the help of DNA(See appendix 1.2). Second is, documents, to analyze handwriting, relation between paper and ink and some more aspects. There are many physical evidence like this which are; explosive, drugs, fibres, fingerprinting, firearms, glass, hair, impressions, paint, petroleum product, plastic and other polymers, serial number, vehicle light, wood and many more. This all physical evidence has their piece of history (Richard S. 2007, page-70). To identify this all physical evidence microscope have big contribution. Microscope is a device which can expand and resolve the physical evidence to identify fact behind crime. Most of physical evidence is identify in crime laboratory by microscope and it was the earliest method for forensic science so in a history of criminal investigation it has major contribution to solve many crimes from light microscope to new Morden electron microscope. If any expansion in powerful scanning, then Morden electronic microscope secure attach new aspect in forensic science. Help of the microscope, forensic scientists analyses hair, fibre and paint (Richard S. 2007, page-180). As according to Locard (See appendix 1.1) physical evidence distorted among people and during the time of crime. This physical evidence is analyzed in criminal laboratory to find out criminal. So hair is also a physical evidence to describe criminal, with hair we can find DNA of criminal (See appendix 1.2). Then fibre can be source for criminal identification. Finely paint, environment have uncountable item whose surfaces are painted. It`s not shocking to recognized paint. Thats why it`s most established kind of physical evidence by the forensic laboratory (Richard S. 2007, page-208 and 233). Some students of Orfila`s come back in 19th century to United Kingdom. They stabilised toxicology subject in their home university under authority of forensic medicine. A toxicology service given by university forensic medicine department and it is still accurate in most case today. Toxicology is most important concerned analyze from blood or urine to identify poison and it can be evidence for c rime (White P.C. 2008, page -318). On the other hand DNA verification is now extensively acknowledged as a forensic technology for open range of criminal investigations. It promote police to criminal by identify DNA profiling. DNA profiling is a database or information about human and every human have unique information in their DNA. This technique also can describe suspect (Richard L. 2008, page-19). DNA application purpose to criminal case was quick through some renowned cases in the eyes of everyone. DNA profiling is approximately occupied for established now and DNA profiling is one of the most powerful tool in forensic science. It allows identifying very strongly to criminal. Before this technique (DNA profiling) fingerprinting was used. DNA can be found at crime side by hair, saliva, skin, lip-prints, tissue, bone, urine and more. This evidence is analyzed in criminal laboratory and outcome is satisfactory criminal. DNA has big area of information so it is impossible to descri be everything about it in this writing work (Andrew R.W. and Julie M.J, 2008, page no. 138). However it is suggested that only two people have matching set of fingerprint in many million. That`s why is an successful path to recognized criminal. This method was found so far away (for history see appendix 1.1). Now we have many new technology, most of them very expansive but is very economical. It is not possible to describe more about it because it has many different pattern systems and this project have some words limits (Lan K. P., 2005 page-68). (See appendix 1.2). Finely two more important additions are computer forensic and internet in criminal investigation. From 1990, hardly any field progressed as quickly as computer technology. It turns out to be an essential basis of evidence for criminal analysis. It provides very faster response to analysis of criminal identification. Computer forensic concerned to storage data, gaining data and explanation of computer data. Data stored in some devices like iPods, camera, memory stick, smart cards, and others. Technique to get data from these devices is more not easy but it is unique. Now only we can use data to identify crime but we can also operate many task. Like cyber crime, mail box, and others so it is a newest technology which is involved in many areas of forensic science. Related to computer forensic we can also talk about forensic science and internet (Richard S. 2007, page-524). Besides internet is main source of communication now. Anyone can get millions of information on internet. No subjec t or profession remain untouched by the internet, including forensic science every week many information are uploaded about forensic science. So we can have lots of information from internet about it. Apart from this all forensic science agency exchange their information from internet (Richard S. 2007, page-553). (See appendix 1.1). Conclusion The aim of this essay was to evaluate the effect of technology in criminal sciences to prove perfect result to identify criminal. It was unable to predict correct criminal with the help of series of body measurements but evaluation of fingerprinting become most accurate and cheep method. Then recently addition of DNA profiling and computer forensic start to predict most passable criminal identification, this new technology including internet may have big contribution to further development of criminal investigation because their aspects are endless. DNA, fingerprinting and computer forensic are very big area but it described briefly due to worlds limits. Finely as I have shown there is clear difference between traditional and modern criminal investigation.

Views on Gay Marriage in Anna Quindlin’s Essay Evan’s Two Moms

The essay, â€Å"Evan’s Two Moms†, was written by Anna Quindlin and published in the 2004 edition of Good Reasons with Comtemporary Arguments. This essay takes a liberal point of view concerning gay marriage and the ability to raise a child in a gay family. Throughout Quindlen’s essay, her structure introduces ethos, pathos and logos through a variety of court cases to gain the readers trust; she appeals to both emotion and logic in her reader through passion and unwavering intensity, which disapproves of those who take a radical point of view about gay marriage. Anna Quindlen’s structure of â€Å"Evan’s Two Moms† provides the reader with explicit details concerning the debate about gay marriage. In Quindlen’s introductory paragraph up until the fourth paragraph, she uses pathos to draw the reader into reading more of her essay. â€Å"Evan. Evan’s mom. Evan’s other mom. A kid, a psychologist, a pediatrician. A family† (Quindlen 410), The concise statements build anticipation, which is concluded with what the writer wants the reader to accept as a fact; Evan and his two moms are a family. The example of the Minnesota appeals court gives a real life example of a gay partnership trying to earn the same benefits as spouses. When one adds a public event such as the Minnesota appeal court case to private struggles like those couples who have to go from lawyer to lawyer to approximate legal protections their straight counterparts take for granted, as well as those AIDS survivors who are shut out of th eir partner’s dying days by biological family members, only one solution is obvious (Quindlen 410). Here, Quindlen appeal to the readers emotions and captures the reader on a personal level by giving an example of a person who is being shut out of the... ...e sex were not entitled to legally commit themselves to each other† (Quindlen 411). The quote from Quindlen herself shows sarcasm and serves as a reality check for those who take a negative radical notion on gay marriage. She describes that twenty-five years from now, this debate will be as ridiculous as white and black marriage was twenty five years ago. In Evan’s Two Moms, Anna Quindlen incorporates ethos, pathos and logos to gain the readers’ trustworthiness and for them to agree on the way she feels about gay marriage. Also, her structure and tone show the reader that she has planned her argument and ties in court cases to support her argument. Quindlens’ tone and language also helps the reader to comprehend Quindlens’ argument and point that if two people are in love, no matter their sex, they should be able to live the same lifestyle as any other spouse.

Doctor Dolittle :: essays research papers

My book report is on Doctor Dolittle. The author of this book is Hugh Lofting. Doctor Dolittle talks to the animals and is also kind of like a veterinarian. He knows most of the animal languages. He really calls himself a naturalist which studies plants and animals. He lives in Puddleby, England. He has an assistant named Stubbins. Doctor Dolittle wants to learn the language of the shellfish because they are one of the oldest animals on earth. He thinks that they can tell him secrets of the past. Doctor Dolittle decided to give up on the shellfish language for a while. Stubbins and the Doctor play a game that you close your eyes and flip the pages of an atlas and put a pencil down on the page. The place that he picked was Spidermonkey Island. The purple bird of paradise tells him that the greatest naturalist is Long Arrow and that he lives at Spidermonkey Island. Doctor Dolittle goes on a voyage to Spidermonkey Island. The Doctor goes and he saves Long Arrow and 9 other Indians from a cave that a rock had covered the entrance. Doctor Dolittle found a way to dig under the rock and make it fall. Another tribe on the other side of the island wanted to go to war with the peaceful indians. They were going to fight because they were to lazy to do work because the island was floating South and getting cold. The Doctor, Long Arrow, and another man basically won the war for the tribe. They swung clubs and knocked everyone out of the way. Then Polynesia(a talking parrot) brought millions of black parrots from South America. Most of the other tribe got their ears bit off. Doctor Dolittle was made king of the tribe. They changed his name to Jong Thinkalot because they didn’t think Dolittle fit him. Doctor wanted to go but he had to stay and teach the tribe to do things more modern.

Employee Theft Essay -- GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Employee Theft The following memorandum written by a director of a security and safety consulting service discusses a critical issue effecting business in our economy today, that of employee theft. "Our research indicated that, over past six years, no incident of employee theft have been reported within ten of the companies that have been our clients. In analyzing the security practices of these ten companies, we have further learned that each of them requires its employees to wear photo identification badges while at work. In the future, we should recommend the uses of such identification badges to all of our clients." The issue of employee theft is a broad problem and has different labels to identify it, shrinkage for the retail industry and hidden profit loss in the technology sector are serval examples of common terms used for employee theft. The author of this memorandum presents several data points and suggests one recommendation to effect the issue of employee theft based on a sampling of th e client population. The overall recommendation of "†¦the use of such identification badges to all of our clients." sounds reasonible. A closer look at the conclusion that identification badges alone will resolve the greater issue of employee theft is difficult to support with the amount and type of data given. In today's complex business environment, an identification badge would not address much greater corporate assets and their protection. To the technology industry for ...

Humanities: Arts Essay

With the advent of the computer age, advanced science and technology have overwhelmed many aspects of our lives, and even our possibilities of survival are affected. The humanities can provide enjoyment and stimulation, especially when we try to understand what it covers. The Meaning, Importance, and Scope of humanities The word humanities come from the Latin humanus, which means human, cultured, and refined. To be human is to have or show qualities like rationality, kindness, and tenderness. Humanities refers to the arts – the visual arts such as architecture; painting and sculpture; music; dance; the theater or drama; and literature. They are branches of learning concerned with human thought, feelings, and relations. The importance of the human being and his/her feelings and how these are expressed have always been the concern of the humanities. Art is very important in our lives. It constitutes one of the oldest and most important means of expression developed by man. Wherever people have lived together, art has sprung up among them as a language charge with feeling and significance. The desire to create this language appears to be universal. As a cultural force, it is pervasive and potent. Art, like love it is not easy to define. It concerns itself with the communication of certain ideas and feelings by means of sensuous medium – color, sound, bronze, marble, words, and film. This medium is fashioned into a symbolic language marked by beauty of design and coherence of form. It appeals to our mind, arouses our emotions, kindles our imagination, and enchants our senses. (Machils, 1963). In every age or country, there is always art. Wherever we go, wherever it is a city or a province, here or abroad, we surely have to pass buildings of various sorts – houses, schools, churches, stores, etc. The art that we perceive through our eyes is called the visual art and architecture is one part of it. A visual art involve not only painting and sculpture but includes such things as clothes, household appliances, and the furnishings of our homes, schools, churches, and other buildings. Through the ideas selected by painters and sculptors and the forms they create, they express the ideals, the hopes, and the fears of the times in which they live. The aesthetic aspects of any work – a painting, song, story, dance, or play – are what make it art. Aesthetic refers to the forms and psychological effects of arts. Another form of the more important arts is music. This is the art of combining and regulating sounds of varying pitch to produce compositions, expressing various ideas and emotions. Its primary function is to entertain. Music is one of the great arts of our civilization, along with literature, painting sculpture, architecture, and dance. Like the other arts, music deals with emotions. It’s being a â€Å"pure art† enables it to convey emotions with great intensity and can affect people directly. Great music specially radiates infectious joy. Many who are receptive to great music find it exhilarating. If we tune into a musical program on the radio, or sing a song with others, we are having contact with music. The song we sing may be a tune which is popular now but may possibly be forgotten later. It may be a selection which has been sung or played for several decades. Dance is another form of art that is common to many even during the earliest time. It is the most direct of the arts for it makes use of the human body as its medium. It springs from our love for expressive gestures, release of tension through rhythmic movement. Dance heightens the pleasure of being, and at the same time mirrors the life of society. The dance of the older times is different from that of the present time; the dance of the barrio folks is different from the dances in the city. Primitives and non-primitives dance. The Ifugaos dance to celebrate the victory of the warriors after fight with their enemies. Likewise, the Bagobos dance to show gratitude to the spirits â€Å"for success in war or domestic affair.† The Indians dance to give thanks for a harvest; the Mexicans dance to celebrate a religious festival; teenagers dance at parties; both young and old go to disco bars and children everywhere dance because it is pleasure to express happiness to bodily movements. In its expressive aspects, dance is uniquely able to intensify moods and emotions and to deepen and dignify the feelings of us all (Compton’s Encyclopedia, 1974). The area of the theater of drama is another important art. Dramatic activities are usually part of every school and community program. Classes dramatize the events they are studying; clubs or organizations and institutions stage plays. The play may be a comedy, tragedy, mystery, musical or melodrama. Essentially, the stage is a place for re-enacting the joys and problems of life, a place where the playwright strips life of nonessentials and deals with basic and important issues. The spectators get involved in these situations and thus gain greater insight into human motives and passions. The motion picture is a popular addition to the various forms of the theater. Through it, a great number of people are able to see dramatic performances every day. The radio makes available drama for the auditory sense of imagination. The television, too, brings the art of drama to many people. Theatrical productions, including motion pictures, and television, combine art forms. The play itself is a form of literature. Scenery and costumes provide the visual arts, and music may serve as a background to set the mood or to serve as part of the plot. The opera is a drama set to music. Thus, it is a form of the theater. In many musical shows, dancers are also important performers. The theater therefore, combines several of the arts. It is also necessary that we distinguish between art and nature for they are fundamentally different. We may be impressed by the majestic of the perfect cone of Mayon Volcano, the awesome beauty of Pagsanjan Falls or the sunset at Manila Bay and thus, react to the wonders of nature. No matter how close art is to nature, however, art always shows that it is man-made. It is an interpretation of the nature and of life. What the Arts have in common We have identified five areas of art: the visual arts, music, dance, literature and drama. But there is one thing that is common to them all. What relates a painting to a song, a play to a dance? The most basic relationship is that the arts are concerned with emotions, with our feelings about things. When a person sees a picture he thinks it is beautiful, or when she watches a play or dance performance, she thinks it is exciting, she feels that it is lovely or stirring. Her reaction is primarily emotional. People experience excitement, pleasure, anger, and all the other emotional states in a way which is very different from their intellectual responses. Emotions are part of our basic nature. An Artist An artist is a person who exhibits exceptional skills in design, drawing, painting, etc. or one who works in one of the performing arts, like an actor or a musician. Unlike other people, an artist is more sensitive and more creative. He possesses to an unusual degree the knack for stone, notes, or any of the other materials used by artists. He, thus, learns to project his creative impulse through the symbols of his art – a picture, a poem, or a piece of music according to his present inspiration and his training. His process of creation, however, differs from that of an amateur or beginner only in degree. There are two kinds of artists – creators and performers. A composer writes a song to be sung by talented singers. A dramatist or playwright writes a play to be staged by a company actor. A choreographer composes a ballet or dance sequence which will be performed by a troupe of dancers. Music, theater, and dance are performing arts. Besides the creator, they require other artist who recreates what has been composed. Thus, performers are important. Two great actors may play the same role in Florante at Laura yet give it vastly different interpretations; two dancers may dance the same ballet but render it quite differently. Thus, in performing arts, the ideas and the interpretations of the performer are added to the original ideas of the creator. This dual contribution gives added richness and meaning to these fields of the arts. It makes them different from painting, for example, in the way by which the creative artists communicate directly with the observer. The work of the creative artist Creativity is an artist’s trait developed in the course of her life to solve problems or express her feelings. Her continuing reaction to emerging conditions of nature and social life gives birth to new ideas and new methods. These in turn, she uses to overcome difficulties which in the process of confrontation with reality give the solution to a vision, create art, or activate social transformation. The process of creation. Experts on the subject are one in their view that there are three major phases in the process of creation. First, the artist must have an idea; second, he must have a material to work on; and third, he must give form to his idea. The idea. Artist is highly sensitive persons especially aware of the things that surround them. They notice the sounds, colors, and movements of people and things. Art expression is based on the so-called higher senses of sight and sound, with the other senses playing more or less indirect roles. A particular experience may impress an artist so much that he decides to use it as the basis for a picture, a poem, a play or a dance. Depending on his cultural background, a painter may be attracted by anything. He paints a picture from a scene where most people do not think beauty existed. A novelist may write about the life and misfortunes of a woman whose husband, after failing to find a job, decides to go abroad and becomes unfaithful after a few years. The novelist would show us that the great social and economic problems of our times are essentially human problems and he would make us aware of the effects of advances in science and technology on human beings. A composer may write a musical fantasy in which the world of mystery and imagination explored. A dancer may do a dance on the pleasures and discomforts of growing up. As a basis for his dance movements, he might use the idealism of adolescence, the developing charm of boys and girls, their sensitivity, their awkwardness, and occasional loneliness. A study of arts is the study of humankind, for through the arts we can discover our major interests, feelings, and problems through the ages. Playwrights and novelists have always been concerned with the frailties of human being, with his hopes and fears, his courage and cowardice, his charity, and greed. Poets, with their artistry of statement, have given nobility and intensity to our human experiences. Through dance, the events of life are given symbolic and ceremonial form. The material and Process. The second phase of creation in art concerns the material which the artist uses to give form to his idea. A painter uses pigments; a sculptor uses stone, metal or wood; an architect, various building materials. An author uses words; a composer, musical sounds which are set down as notes. A choreographer uses people and their movements as the materials for his creations. The sculpture is something we can see or take in at a glance in it’s entirely, and so sculpture is an art of space. The hymn we hear takes a number of minutes to be sung or the entire composition to be played and so music is an art of time. Organization and Form. The third phase in creating is organizing the idea and giving it form in the selected materials. Popular song writers use the conventional 32-measure length. Poetry has a number of well-defined forms which are often used: the sonnet, the quatrain, the Spenserian stanza. Operas and plays are always divided into a number of acts. In several of the time arts, the works generally have a three-part structure: an introductory section which â€Å"sets the stage† for what follows; a middle section which develops the plot, the melody or the story; and a concluding section which is the final working out of the forces and ideas which the artist has set in motion. Style is a term which refers to the development of forms in art that are related to particular historical periods. Forms in the space arts are often symmetrically balanced in their design; that is, the two sides of the object are identical. Time has shown since that the severe criticisms were unjustified; and we often wonder how people of the past could have disliked some of the works of art we now admire. It is the responsibility of each one of us to be open-minded. The understanding of the great art of all periods is a key to the understanding of the human being. There is a need to associate with great people or artists through their work in order to enrich and ennoble our own lives.

Responsible Dog Ownership Editorial Essay

Ð mÐ µriÃ' Ã °ns hÐ °vÐ µ Ð µmbrÐ °Ã' Ã µd thÐ µ jÐ ¾Ã'Æ's Ð ¾f Ã' Ã °ninÐ µ Ð ¾wnÐ µrshiÃ'€ fÐ ¾r Ã' Ã µnturiÐ µs, frÐ ¾m GÐ µÃ ¾rgÐ µ WÐ °shingtÐ ¾n Ð °nd his Ð mÐ µriÃ' Ã °n FÐ ¾Ã'…hÐ ¾unds tÐ ¾ GÐ µÃ ¾rgÐ µ W. Bush Ð °nd his Ð…Ã' Ã ¾ttish Ð ¢Ã µrriÐ µrs. Ð ¢Ã ¾dÐ °Ã'Æ', thÐ µrÐ µ Ð °rÐ µ Ð °Ã'€Ã'€rÐ ¾Ã'…imÐ °tÐ µlÃ'Æ' 73 milliÐ ¾n dÐ ¾gs in thÐ µ U.Ð…. Ð °nd thÐ µir rÐ ¾lÐ µs in sÐ ¾Ã' iÐ µtÃ'Æ' hÐ °vÐ µ shiftÐ µd frÐ ¾m huntÐ µr Ð °nd wÐ ¾rking LÐ °brÐ °dÐ ¾r RÐ µtriÐ µvÐ µr tÐ ¾ fÐ °milÃ'Æ' Ã' Ã ¾mÃ'€Ð °niÐ ¾n.WhÐ µn wÐ µ hÐ µÃ °r Ð ¾f unfÐ ¾rtunÐ °tÐ µ inÃ' idÐ µnts invÐ ¾lving dÐ ¾gs, suÃ' h Ð °s Ð ° bitÐ µ, it’s Ð ¾ftÐ µn Ð ° rÐ µsult Ð ¾f Ã' Ã °rÐ µlÐ µssnÐ µss Ð ¾n thÐ µ mutt Ð ¾wnÐ µr part tÐ ¾ tÐ °kÐ µ rÐ µsÃ'€Ð ¾nsibilitÃ'Æ' fÐ ¾r thÐ µ Ð °nimÐ °l thÐ µÃ'Æ' Ã' hÐ ¾sÐ µ tÐ ¾ Ð ¾wn. Ð ¢hÐ µrÐ µ Ð °rÐ µ twÐ ¾ Ð µnds Ð ¾f Ð µvÐ µrÃ'Æ' lÐ µÃ °sh Ð °nd rÐ µsÃ'€Ð ¾nsiblÐ µ Ã' Ã °ninÐ µ Ð ¾wnÐ µrshiÃ'€ bÐ µgins with thÐ µ mÐ °n nÐ ¾t thÐ µ bÐ µst friÐ µnd.ЕÐ °Ã' h Ã'Æ'Ð µÃ °r thÐ µ Ð mÐ µriÃ' Ã °n KÐ µnnÐ µl Ð ¡lub hÐ ¾sts RÐ µsÃ'€Ð ¾nsiblÐ µ DÐ ¾g ОwnÐ µrshiÃ'€ DÐ °Ã'Æ' Ð ¾n Ð…Ð µÃ'€tÐ µmbÐ µr 17 tÐ ¾ Ð µduÃ' Ã °tÐ µ thÐ µ dÐ ¾g-lÐ ¾ving Ã'€ubliÃ'  Ð °bÐ ¾ut thÐ µ imÃ'€Ð ¾rtÐ °nÃ' Ã µ Ð ¾f bÐ µing Ð ° rÐ µsÃ'€Ð ¾nsiblÐ µ LÐ °brÐ °dÐ ¾r RÐ µtriÐ µvÐ µr Ð ¾wnÐ µr. Just sÐ ¾mÐ µ Ð ¾f thÐ µ tÐ ¾Ã'€iÃ' s thÐ µsÐ µ Ð µvÐ µnts Ð °ddrÐ µss Ð °rÐ µ sÐ °fÐ µtÃ'Æ' Ð °rÐ ¾und dÐ ¾gs, thÐ µ right brÐ µÃ µd fÐ ¾r Ã'Æ'Ð ¾ur lifÐ µstÃ'Æ'lÐ µ, trÐ °ining Ð °nd Ã' Ã ¾mÃ'€Ð µtitivÐ µ Ð µvÐ µnts fÐ ¾r Ã'Æ'Ð ¾ur dÐ ¾g, tÐ °gging/miÃ' rÐ ¾Ã' hiÃ'€Ã'€ing ID Ð ¾Ã'€tiÐ ¾ns, LÐ °brÐ °dÐ ¾r RÐ µtriÐ µvÐ µr hÐ µÃ °lth Ð °nd muà ' h mÐ ¾rÐ µ.Ð ¢hÐ µ Ð KÐ ¡, thÐ µ nÐ °tiÐ ¾n’s biggÐ µst rÐ µgistrÃ'Æ' Ð °nd lÐ µÃ °ding nÐ ¾t-fÐ ¾r-Ã'€rÐ ¾fit Ð ¾rgÐ °nizÐ °tiÐ ¾n dÐ µdiÃ' Ã °tÐ µd tÐ ¾ thÐ µ wÐ µlfÐ °rÐ µ Ð ¾f Ã'€urÐ µbrÐ µd dÐ ¾gs, rÐ µÃ' Ã ¾gnizÐ µs thÐ °t dog Ã' Ã ¾mÃ'€Ð °niÐ ¾nshiÃ'€ is nÐ ¾t Ð ¾nlÃ'Æ' Ð ° right but Ð °lsÐ ¾ Ð ° Ã'€rivilÐ µgÐ µ thÐ °t must bÐ µ rÐ µsÃ'€Ð µÃ' tÐ µd Ð °nd nurturÐ µd. In rÐ µturn fÐ ¾r this Ã'€rivilÐ µgÐ µ, Ã' Ã °ninÐ µ Ð ¾wnÐ µrs nÐ µÃ µd tÐ ¾ rÐ µsÃ'€Ð µÃ' t rÐ µÃ °sÐ ¾nÐ °blÐ µ, Ð µnfÐ ¾rÃ' Ã µÃ °blÐ µ, nÐ ¾n-disÃ' riminÐ °tÐ ¾rÃ'Æ' lÐ µgislÐ °tiÐ ¾n gÐ ¾vÐ µrning thÐ µ Ð ¾wnÐ µrshiÃ'€ Ð ¾f dÐ ¾gs, suÃ' h Ð °s lÐ ¾Ã' Ã °l lÐ µÃ °sh lÐ °ws, Ã' urbing Ã'€Ð ¾liÃ' iÐ µs Ð °nd liÃ' Ã µnsing rÐ µgulÐ °tiÐ ¾ns. Ð ¢hÐ µ sÐ °Ã'Æ'ing Ð ¾nÐ µ bÐ °d grÐ µÃ µn Ð °Ã'€Ã'€lÐ µ Ã' Ã °n sÃ'€Ð ¾il thÐ µ whÐ ¾lÐ µ bunÃ' h rings Ð µsÃ'€Ð µÃ' iÐ °llÃ'Æ' truÐ µ in tÐ µrms Ð ¾f mutt Ð ¾wnÐ µrshiÃ'€. Ð ll dÐ ¾g Ð ¾wnÐ µrs Ð µÃ °silÃ'Æ' bÐ µ misjudgÐ µd bÃ'Æ' thÐ µ dÐ µÃ µds Ð ¾f Ð ¾nÐ µ thÐ ¾ughtlÐ µss individuÐ °l. WÐ µ hÐ ¾Ã'€Ð µ Ã'Æ'Ð ¾u’ll tÐ °kÐ µ timÐ µ this mÐ ¾nth tÐ ¾ bÐ ¾nÐ µ up Ð ¾n rÐ µsÃ'€Ð ¾nsiblÐ µ dog Ð ¾wnÐ µrshiÃ'€ whÐ µthÐ µr Ã'Æ'Ð ¾u Ð °rÐ µ lÐ ¾Ã ¾king tÐ ¾ Ð °dd Ð ° Ã'€uÃ'€Ã'€Ã'Æ' tÐ ¾ thÐ µ fÐ °milÃ'Æ' fÐ ¾r thÐ µ first timÐ µ Ð ¾r Ð °rÐ µ Ð ° lifÐ µlÐ ¾ng dog lÐ ¾vÐ µr. LÐ µÃ °rn whÐ °t it tÐ °kÐ µs tÐ ¾ bÐ µ Ð ° rÐ µsÃ'€Ð ¾nsiblÐ µ dog Ð ¾wnÐ µr. YÐ ¾ur bÐ µst friÐ µnd is Ã' Ã ¾unting Ð ¾n Ã'Æ'Ð ¾u.

Happiness and peacefulness Essay

Bhutan is a highly simplistic country that lived for centuries in the old ways that reflect their culture and traditional way of life. It is because of their lack of exposure to the outside world that they have been able to maintain their happiness and peacefulness as a people. Without the outside influence to compare their lives to, the people of Bhutan are able to live a satisfied life free from jealousy and trivial wants. I said wants and not needs because it is a proven fact that television is driven by consumerism and along with it, a building desire within people to own something not because they need it but because they are conditioned to want something whether necessary or not in their lives. Due to Bhutan’s centuries old non exposure to the modern world through television, viewing, I fear that its emergence as a national pastime will change the everything that has made the people of this small nation a special and happy lot. TV is known as an idiot box because it does not require people to think nor analyze any information presented to them. As evidenced by the reaction of the youth of Bhutan to television, their culture is already undergoing a drastic change. Without their knowledge violence, as presented in the wrestling programs are fast becoming a part of their lives and it will only tend to get worse from there. Television is a new toy for the people of this innocent country. They do not really understand the repercussions of what they view and emulate on television because they still view it as something magical and fictional. But that will soon change as their markets get flooded by consumer goods first from America and then the rest of the world. They will begin to fall prey to the consumerism that drives the world. All because seeing the items being advertised on television face to face in a store will allow them to hold the product and make them want to be like the thing or person they see on television. It is not hard for consumerism to invade a small nation and change its landscape because television is also considered a teacher of sorts. They will emulate what they see because they think that what is shown on television is the proper way to live in a modern society. But, being isolated for so long from the modern world will undoubtedly divide the nations citizens as well. As the elders of the nation will choose to fear television and its effects because they do not understand what television and its advertisements represent so they will struggle to remain in their simplistic way of life, the youth of the nation will embrace the change and want to effect the same changes in their lives. To put it bluntly, Bhutan will never be the same again. The invasion of television will make the people want to see change and bring their lifestyle and country into the 21st century. All without really understanding that they were better off before television helped them â€Å"progress as a nation. † Work Cited Bloom, Alexis & Dendup, Tshewang. (2002). Bhutan — the last place. Frontline World. Retrieved November 11, 2007 from http://www. pbs. org/frontlineworld/stories/bhutan/thestory. html

Different Religion Beliefs Acceptance Essay

The definition of religion is not easy to find. There are many interpretations of religion meaning but no one can be said the most accurate. According to Paden (2008), Religion is a sacred engagement with that which is believed to be a spiritual reality. Religion is a worldwide phenomenon that has played a part in all human culture. Another, from most contemporary scholars, defines religion by identifying a set of widely but no universally shared characteristics. These characteristics can include a collection of beliefs about what is ultimately important and real, a community of believer’s images of a fulfilled human life a set of rituals and practices. (Dickens, 2007) Religion is very important for people who believe to deity. First, unites those with similar goals and beliefs and requires them to behave in a way that benefits others, or at least those who share the same beliefs. These behaviors have traditionally helped people form communities, raise familiar and live togeth er more harmoniously.There are several ways to classify religions. Once way is to group them according to their beliefs about God for Instance, followers of a religion can believe in one god (monotheism) or more than one God (polytheism). Belief is acceptance by the mind that something is true or real, often underpinned by an emotional or spiritual sense of certainty. For many people, religion involves worship of one Supreme Being or deity. Other people worship of many god. Still others have a more general belief in a higher power or universal life force. Beliefs are generally includes a moral code governing thoughts and actions. Almost always, this includes what many call the Golden Rule: Treat others as you would like to be treated. Acceptance is fundamental to the core dogma of most Abrahamic religions, the word â€Å"Islam† can be translated as â€Å"acceptance†, â€Å"surrender† or â€Å"voluntary submission† and Christianity is based upon the â€Å"acceptance† of Jesus of Nazareth as the â€Å"Christ† and could be compared to some Eastern religious concepts such as Buddhist mindfulness. Religions and psychological treatments often suggest the path of acceptance when a situation is both disliked and unchangeable, or when change may be possible only at great cost or risk. Acceptance may imply only a lack of outward, behavioral attempts at possible change, but the word is also used more specifically for a felt or hypothesized cognitive or emotional state. (Wikipedia.com) The First religion in the Philippines before the Spanish colonization is Animism; many Filipinos praise the â€Å"Anito† and â€Å"Diwatas† as their gods. Muslim religion brought by the Arabic traders and missionaries in the middle of 14th century. In 1521, the Spaniard came to the Philippines ledby Ferdinand Magellan and introduced the Catholicism to Malays and it was the beginning of religion in the Philippines. Today, Philippines is the only nation in Southeast Asia with a Christian majority population (Islam and Buddhism are the dominant religion) and many other religions are rise here. (Britannica Encyclopedia) The researcher choose this study for other researcher as they reference for their study that related to religion and to assists those who have difficulty to choose the religion Association.

American history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

American history - Essay Example It is very evident from different periods that different historical period has left its marks on American economy. All those periods have laid strong base for modern world’s economic super power. Colonial American economy was mainly driven by agriculture. The country tilted towards industrialization from the time of independence. All the industrialization was expanded in 18th century. It started long back in 1776. In that period economy of time 13 original colonies were very strong and stable. At this point of time the country faces great economic expansion as number of population increased and lots of foreign people in fluxed in to the country. People of America became very self sufficient which gave huge boast to their economy. Due to its strategic geographical location, abundant of natural resources has attracted lots of foreigners in to the country. Massachusetts was a great shipping hub. Virginia was an attractive place for business ventures. Fur industry and fishing industry has boosted the local economy very much. Increasing population and foreign trade has developed the American economy at that stage. It was the starting time of global power shifting. At that point o f time white free Americans were accustomed with higher life styles (French 149). In that colonial period people of America earned their livelihood on the basis of small farms. As the colonies grew small local industries like gristmills and sawmills came up. Entrepreneurs started their business endeavours. People started farming rice, grew tobacco and indigo. Building ships and sailing them also was very common for creating wealth. It was a very important phase for economic development in America. It is the time when American people started to unleash their entrepreneurial skills. Americans were fighting for their rights with British people. Britain refused American demand of equality. Americans decided

Hooters restaurants need to just admit its adult entertainment and ban Essay

Hooters restaurants need to just admit its adult entertainment and ban children after 9pm. Agree or disagree - Essay Example But in the today’s times where a lot of insight and literature is available on business ethics, empowered by forces such as the media and civilian Watchdogs; ignorance is indeed not an excuse. Most of the literature available on ethics is dominated by rhetoric without accommodating the everyday practical situations that businesses deal with and without an adequate framework. There is also a wide array of ethical theories and explanations that are present, each one holding a particular merit, but the lack of uniformity and coherence makes it hard to standardize or decide on a single formula or framework to deal with such issues. Thus, this paper aims to critically assess an Ethical dilemma with a very objective outlook. This paper aims to systematically present the problem backed by facts and then present a legal and ethical analysis of the facts, without a bias towards either side. And ultimately using this analysis to present a very carefully constructed judgment. While incre ased globalization has opened up many new markets for trade, it has also increased competition among businesses to capture market share. Competition is naturally deemed as healthy, but it can also lead to practices that circumvent the existing socioethical status quos and thus lead to ethical dilemmas. 1 (Richard M. Locke, 2002) As per observations, increased competition leads to firms looking up for newer and more innovative ways to differentiate their products and services. Hooters, an American chain of fast food restaurants, is another such company that has made the use of a rather unconventional and unorthodox medium of differentiating itself, which in its case is female sex appeal. This strategy has been a source of debate and objection from many different circles but has also been successful in creating a market for Hooters. The extent of success and objections differs from place to place depending upon the demographic makeup of the respective locations. Our aim is to explore the many ways in which this eatery operates, analyze the potential sources of objection using legal and ethical notions and then ultimately form a judgment in context of normative ethics regarding what Hooters ought to do. To be specific, this paper will ultimately analyze the validity of the claim that Hooters is indeed an adult entertainment provider operating under the garb of a traditional fast food restaurant, and should consequently disallow the entry of children after 9 p.m. as per the usual legal norms. SUMMARY OVERVIEW: Hooters, since its inception in 1983 has openly admitted to using female sex appeal as a unique selling proposition. While doing this lies within its legal jurisdiction as protected by the American constitution and other governing laws throughout the world, the crux of the debate regarding Hooters lies in the company not classifying itself as an adult service provider. But once it does so, its market will be constricted mainly to adults, and this is what the company doesn’t want. The main attraction of the Hooters franchise are the Hooters Girls. The Hooters Girls are usually young, attractive females wearing a standard required uniform, the highlight of which is a White Hooters tank top and orange shorts. The clothes are meant to enhance the attraction of the body, but strictly without any nudity. The Hooters Girls are supposed to entertain and interact with the customers as part of the Hooters

International HRM Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International HRM - Term Paper Example It is a great idea to offer HRM consulting services to private-sector employers located in England and France. It will diversify the operations of the organization and will open up new opportunities for growth and development. By all means the organization must go ahead with this initiative as companies all over the world are looking for HR consulting organizations to assist them with managing global workforce. Global cultural competencies will definitely grow and this is a great opportunity to stay ahead of the competition. At the same time there are various issues that need to be considered for this initiative to be successful. First and the foremost, it is an obvious fact that HRM has only been a part of the organization and not the core business. The core business of the organization has been IT consulting; hence, HR consulting is not the expertise of the company. It also has to be noted that IT consulting has limited clients in the U.S. and Canada. Therefore, venturing into an e ntirely new market with a new service is very risky and calls for caution. There are numerous factors that need to be considered and acted upon for the company to be prepared and competent in order to meet the needs of clients in England and France. The current HR team will not be sufficient to handle the workload and, hence, new recruitments are essential. The HR team will not be addressing issues with respect to internal employees but employees of clients which are international organizations. Hence, now qualified HR professionals need to possess numerous essential competencies, such as â€Å"knowledge of HR strategies, models, methods and techniques; problem-solving skills; people management skills; and, finally, the ability to adapt to international contexts† (Tyler, 2011). Another crucial requirement regarding HR personal is the development of global mind-set. When dealing with people from different cultural backgrounds it is essential to understand their culture. Hence, HR personal needs to be taught global mind-set skills, even though they will be working from offices and visiting the client sites. In order for our HR team to manage or consult on issues with respect to international workforces, there are three main aspects they need to be good at: â€Å"self-awareness, second languages and multicultural savvy† (Tyler, 2011). It is very important to ensure that the above factors are taken into consideration while hiring new HR personnel. HR professionals with an international HR degree would be handy for this project but it is not an absolute necessity. There is no need for a compulsory HR degree courses but it is essential for professionals to at least attend workshops that last from a day to a week. Such workshops, which focus on topics related to globalization, are vital as they help HR professional to better understand international cultures (Tyler, 2011). There are various other factors that need to be considered, such as cultural faux pas. What is considered as good manners in one culture might not be the same in another culture. Hence, cultural competency becomes vital when dealing intercultural organizations. Cultural competency is the ability of an individual to effectively interact and communicate with people from different cultural backgrounds (Tyler, 2011). Effective HR personnel are those who are not only aware of one’s background, views, as well as preferences and bias but also of the whole lot of other important nuances. Only then he/she will be able to effectively understand and manage the human resources in the 21st century organization. Second language acquisition is another important aspect of cultural competence. For example, while dealing with clients from France, it is important to be able to communicate in French. Talent management is a challenge with respect to international management as different practices are employed in different cultures and this leads to divergence of ideologies. V arious factors, such as

Bizland ,inc Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bizland ,inc - Case Study Example The company is evolving as the firm has added other products to its offering including marketing advice to small businesses, payroll and telephone services. II. Had they compiled an exhaustive list of criteria for their â€Å"must haves†? Had some important qualities been omitted? Were all of the items really necessary? If he and John did make changes, how would the four candidates measure up to the revised list? The firm formulated an exhaustive list of thing they were looking for in the CEO they seek to run the firm. Upon further review of their list I believe Ravi and his management team included a lot of important items needed to perform the job well. Despite their efforts there were some critical things that were left out. First the company did not include having excellent interpersonal and communication skills as part of the list. A CEO is the highest position in a company and this person must interact with a variety of people including employees, shareholders, board of directors, suppliers, and governmental agents. Another flaw in the list is that it did not include the requirement of being an expert negotiator. The CEO during a fiscal year faces numerous business opportunities in various facets of his job in which negotiation skills are vital to the success of the missions. III. Did the four candidates offer any real possibilities? Should they invite any of them for an interview with the entire Board of Directors? Or, even though it would further elongate the process, should Ravi and John begin considering other candidates not previously screened or interviewed? I think that the four candidates have real possibilities. All candidates hold MBA degrees and have over 10 years experience working in the business industry in various positions of importance. I do not think that it is required for the board to invite any more candidates because they already have some excellent

Business organisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business organisation - Essay Example 2007)†. Scientific management principals and tools were developed by emphasizing on extensive research and studies to provide a management solution to the managers who are considered as major stakeholders in the wellbeing of an organization. Fredrick W. Taylor is considered the pioneer in developing scientific management theories. He worked on the application of scientific methods to the labour management to improve their productivity. â€Å"He spent more than two decades passionately pursuing the ‘one best way’ for each job to be done (Robbins & Coulter, 2002)†. Scientific management call for the need of application of maximization of worker’s productivity by the application of appropriate and efficient work methodologies in the light of science, especially ergonomics. The industries at that time were production oriented and mass production, Fordism, and they required practices and procedure that were scientifically designed to optimize their work activities. Fredrick Taylor, who is called the father of scientific management, was a self-made man with his professional career spent in working within a labour intensive environment. Prior to scientific management, â€Å"Taylor worked as an apprentice to a pattern-maker, and as a machinist. He later joined the Midvale steel company as a labor rising in eight years to chief engineer (Hartman S.W. 2007)†. He worked in that environment observing efficiencies in work practices and thus created a desire to work upon the improvement of working methods. Taylor worked for years to develop optimal work methods and developed four principles, called principles of scientific management. Later Gantt and Gilbreth made some alterations in his theory but the basic theme remained the same. In addition, the idea was to break the tasks into simple and small parts and each part to be assigned to a particular person who has the capability and

Business Letter And Literature Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Business Letter And Literature Summary - Essay Example Finally, on all your future travels with us, kindly expect the best kind of service that only Virgin Atlantic could offer. Once again, we sincerely apologize for the inconveniences that we have caused you on board our flight from Mumbai to Heathrow. Also, we would like to thank you once again for your continued patronage to Virgin Atlantic and for helping us point out the problems with respect to our services so that we can ensure the betterment thereof, to provide only the best service to our loyal customers like you. Thank you very much and Good Day! Sincerely Yours, _________________________ Marketing Manager Virgin Atlantic Introduction Studies conducted with respect to customer retention have focused on the manner by which the customers respond once the issue of service failures has become an important aspect thereof (Zemke 1995). Parenthetically, researches that have been conducted in relation to this topic have highlighted the importance of the so-called â€Å"mutual exchange and fulfillment of promises (Yockel 1997; Zemke 1995).† Evidently, the latter is considered as the primary basis that underscores service relationships. Service recovery is thus deemed necessary most especially when the manner by which a corporation delivers a particular service tends to go wrong (Nguyen 2006). In a nutshell, service recovery has been referred to as that effort of the company aimed towards providing the customers and the clients with the outcome they desire even though the latter has already experienced a failure in the previous delivery (Young and Burgess 2010; Yockel 1997). Service recovery is also concerned with the adoption of pertinent steps and measures to prevent the commission of the same mistake (Nguyen 2006;... Studies conducted with respect to customer retention have focused on the manner by which the customers respond once the issue of service failures has become an important aspect thereof (Zemke 1995). Parenthetically, researches that have been conducted in relation to this topic have highlighted the importance of the so-called â€Å"mutual exchange and fulfillment of promises (Yockel 1997; Zemke 1995).† Evidently, the latter is considered as the primary basis that underscores service relationships. Service recovery is thus deemed necessary most especially when the manner by which a corporation delivers a particular service tends to go wrong (Nguyen 2006). In a nutshell, service recovery has been referred to as that effort of the company aimed towards providing the customers and the clients with the outcome they desire even though the latter has already experienced a failure in the previous delivery (Young and Burgess 2010; Yockel 1997). Service recovery is also concerned with th e adoption of pertinent steps and measures to prevent the commission of the same mistake (Nguyen 2006; Osborne 2004; Tschohl 2005). It is then because of this that the importance of service recovery has been underscored in the field of service management and service marketing. Without a doubt, service recovery strategies are deemed of paramount importance in view of its ability to positively affect customer loyalty as the former somehow prevents the turnover of those who have been previously dissatisfied with the service provided

What effect did the Rise of Science have on theories of Educational Essay

What effect did the Rise of Science have on theories of Educational Practice - Essay Example Education empowers individuals to lead their lives autonomously, participate in the community activities, and pursue their goals. Through education children acquire culture, which ultimately helps them orient their social conduct in the right direction. School is just another and a superficial means, of education. A large proportion of education is ingrained from other agencies (Dewey, 1926:4-5). Education and learning are closely related and are, at times, used synonymously. History of education can be dichotomized as the development of curricula and development of learning and teaching In the primordial world, education concerned only with cultural transmission. Since there was little that changed in everyday life, education too changed and deviated little, from set standards. The aim of education was merely to make the children fit enough to take up their roles in tribes. In those societies education was achieved through oral instruction or imitation. As the human life became more complex, there arose the need to impart education in vocational skills like hunting, farming, and animal husbandry. During the rise of ancient civilizations and development of languages, education became more formal and complex. The birth of formal education system is variously attributed to the Egyptian, Chinese, and Mesopotamian Civilizations between 3000 and 1500 B.C. In the Egyptian society, education was only carried out by priestly class that held sway in the society and enjoyed political clout as well. The priests dispensed, to a group of elite students, esoteric knowledge of subjects like science, medicine, and mathematics. Mesopotamian civilization had a tradition of teaching children belonging to the upper crust of the society. Education consisted of learning subjects like law, mathematics, and astrology. In the ancient Chinese civilization, education was about development of secular values, moral uprightness, use of rituals, and music. Later, toward the 1st

Fiscal Federalism in Nigeria Essay Example for Free

Fiscal Federalism in Nigeria Essay The question of an acceptable formula for revenue sharing among the component tiers of the Nigerian nation is one of the most protracted and controversial debates in the political and macroeconomic management of the economy. This debate has its foundations in the history and evolution of the Nigerian federation. â€Å"Revenue allocation or the statutory distribution of revenue from the Federation Account among the different levels of government has been one of the most contentious and controversial issues in the nation’s political life. So contentious has the matter been that none of the formulae evolved at various times by a commission or by decree under different regimes since 1964 has gained general acceptability among the component units of the country. Indeed, the issue, like a recurring decimal, has painfully remained the first problem that nearly every incoming regime has had to grapple with since independence. In the process, as many as thirteen different attempts have been made in devising an acceptable revenue allocation formula, each of which is more remembered for the controversies it generated than issues settled† Fiscal federalism refers to the scope and structure of the tiers of government responsibilities and functions as well as the allocation of resources among the tiers of government. Perhaps the most important issue of fiscal federalism is the revenue allocation formula, the sharing of national revenue among the various tiers of government (vertical revenue sharing) as well as the distribution of revenue among the state governments (that is, horizontal revenue allocation). The centralization of Nigeria’s fiscal federalism began with the report of the Dina Commission (1968) which argued that an appropriate revenue allocation system should result in a more equitable distribution of revenue among the states to achieve a balanced development of the federation. Revenue allocation can be described as a method(s) of sharing the centrally generated revenue among the different tiers of government and how the amount allocated to a particular tier is shared among its components. Nigeria is a federal state – under the federal system of government, federation or centrally-generated revenue is shared among the three levels of government, namely; the federal government, the states and the local governments. The theory of revenue sharing in a federal state is that each level of government receives an allocation of financial resources tailored to their specific requirements as defined by the mandate of legislative competence, their actual situation and the statutory indices of calculation. In Nigeria, decisions as to what proportion of centrally-generated revenue that would be retained by the federal government, the proportion that will be shared among the state governments and the proportion that will go to the local government has always been a problem, due to the fact that there is no consensus of opinion as to what could be seen as an ideal formula. The principles that guide the implementation of intergovernmental fiscal relations include: (a) The Principle of Diversity: The federal system must have the ability to accommodate a large variety of diversities. Hence, the fiscal system must provide scope for variety and differences to supply national, regional and local public goods. (b) The Principle of Equivalence: Based on the geographical incidence of different public goods, allocative efficiency requires the equalization of locational advantages arising from inter-jurisdictional differences with a combination of taxes and public goods and services. This requires the use of fiscal instruments for achieving macroeconomic objectives of growth, stabilization and full employment by residents of different geopolitical units; this requirement controls for what is often referred to as â€Å"central city exploitation thesis†. (d) Minimum Provision of Essential Goods and Services: This ensures that fiscal federalism guarantees all citizens, irrespective of where they reside, the minimum provision of ertain basic public goods and services. (e) Principle of Fiscal Equalization: In order to ensure a minimum level of public goods and services same degree of fiscal equalization is required. This is as a result of differences in resource endowment. (f) The Efficiency Principle: This principle implies that efficiency must be applied in the allocation of resources (g) The Principle of Derivation: The component units of a system should be able to control some of its own resources as they desire. h) The Principle of Locational Neutrality: Interregional fiscal differences tend to influence location choices of individuals and firms. Therefore, policy should focus on minimizing distortions due to some interference. Hence, differential taxes which create locational distortions should be avoided as much as practicable. (i) The Principle of Centralized Redistribution: This principle states that the redistribution function of fiscal policy through progressive taxation and expenditure programmes should be centralized at the federal level. That is, if the redistributive function is decentralized, it can result in distortions in location decisions. It should be noted that the above principles are not mutually consistent. There are several challenges and contending issues confronting intergovernmental fiscal relations in Nigeria: 1) Non – Correspondence Problem Ideally, each level of government should be given adequate resources to allow it discharge its responsibilities. Because this is not possible, there is usually a lack of correspondence between the spending responsibilities and the tax powers/revenue sources assigned to different levels of government. It is this incongruence that is often referred to as the non-correspondence problem. In Nigeria, most of the major sources of revenue come under the jurisdiction of the federal government yet lower levels of government are supposed to generate internal revenue. There is, therefore, the need to resolve the imbalance between assigned functions and tax powers. The issues concerning fiscal relations among the constituent units of the Nigerian federation that remain mostly unresolved are the divergence between assigned functions and tax powers, principle of horizontal and vertical revenue allocation, dependence of states and local governments on federal sources of funding, tendency towards concentration and federal presence in the states (Fadahunsi, 1998). The five principles currently applied in the horizontal revenue allocation formula are far from acceptable to all the stakeholders. 2) Fiscal Autonomy and Independence The issue of relative fiscal autonomy and independence of the state and local governments in a true federal structure goes with the corollary issue of the correspondence of governmental functions and revenue sources. Since the creation of the twelve-state structure in 1967, states and local governments have been excessively dependent on the Federation Account. This independence must be reduced if the federating units are to be free to pursue their own development goals without being hampered by the unpredictable fluctuations in their shares of the Federation Account. It is important that revenue sources should be reallocated and made compatible with the fluctuations stated for each tier of government to enhance steady and proper funding of administrative and developmental activities instead of the often experienced unexpected financial constrictions at the two lower tiers of government. 3) Oil Producing States, Oil Producing Local Government Administrative Areas or Communities Professor Omo Omoruyi in his treatise â€Å"the Politics of Oil: who owns the oil, Nigeria, states or communities† (2000) raised three salient questions on true ownership of oil in Nigeria. The question of local control over local resources is an established constitutional principle in federal systems. But the way the Nigerian federal system developed under the external colonial order (1954-60) and continued under the period of geo-ethno-military internal colonial order (1960-1999) and in the democratic dispensation between 1999 to date is yet an unresolved contending issues in the discourse about Nigeria’s federalism. He challenged the â€Å"Tripod† approach to Nigeria’s problem where the three major ethnic nationalities decide the content and the trend of national issues. This tripod approach to Nigerian politics, should have been done away with by now, with the introduction of the notion of ‘federal character’, which takes states in the federation as the units of representation. The tripod approach to Nigerian politics applies to how the oil, which comes from the non-majority areas, is approached in the political and economic discourse. We should also be aware of the feeling among the majority ethnic nationalities that the areas producing oil by virtue of powerlessness in the military and politics should not be allowed to lay claim to the oil from their areas as of right†. However, theres a distinction between oil producing communities and oil producing states. This is the basis of the activities of the Traditional Rulers of the Producing Communities who are dealing with the President and want the money due to states on the basis of the 13% derivation in the Constitution should be paid to the â€Å"oil producing communities/local government areas†. The Traditional Rulers’ argument is that â€Å"communities† own oil and not â€Å"states†. This is an unresolved issue and separates the communities in riverside areas directly affected by oil spillages from their compatriots in landed areas from enjoying the full benefits of allocations to producing states. One does not know the end of this argument. How should the National Assembly address this matter? The federal government should find a way of making the oil producing local government administrative areas as shareholders in the joint venture arrangements with the oil companies, thus making them stakeholders in the oil industry. There was the issue of who should be spending the oil money. Should it be the Nigerian government in conjunction with the oil producing areas? Should it be the oil producing areas alone? The Constitution from 1960 till after the civil war up till 1978 gave the right of ownership to the federal government but the proceeds were shared between the federal government and the regions or states on the basis of derivation like the agricultural crops. 4) Federation Account and the Derivation Fund It is important to define what constitutes the Federation Account – to which the various vertical revenue allocation formulae have been applied and what should be directly financed from it. Up to 1990, the amount accruing yearly to the Federation Account was still over 96% of totally federally collected revenue; but since 1991, when it first dropped to about 75% and nose-dived to around 35% by 1997, it showed no sign of recovery (Olowononi, 1999). It is therefore clear, that in such a situation, whatever the vertical formula applicable, there must still be a serious fiscal imbalance between the ederal government and the two lower tiers of government. It is crucial to redress this revenue imbalance in the spirit of balanced true federalism. What appears to account for this imbalance is the assertion of the self-claimed right by the federal government to finance various first-line charges from the Federation Account before the application of the vertical formula. The first-line charges include funding for external debt service, national priority projects, NNPC priority projects, special reserve account, and excess proceeds of the crude oil sales account, and in addition, the joint venture cash calls account. These deductions are made from the proceeds of crude oil sales before the derivation fund in the Federation Account is arrived at, and after which further deductions for special funds and the funding of the federal capital territory are made. It will seem more logical, with the exception of the joint venture case calls, that these various charges which are federal government obligations be financed solely from the federal government’s revenue proper, that is, from its share of the Federation Account or from its revenue from other sources. Therefore, in order to determine what constitutes the derivation fund, resolving the issue of the Federation Account is crucial. Thereafter, the derivation formula to be utilized can be arrived at. 5) Oil – Producing Areas and the Derivation Principle The crude oil production has been the most important economic activity in the Nigerian economy since the early 1970s is not subject to debate. Its impact is not limited to its contributing almost 90% of Nigeria’s total foreign exchange earnings but also to the fact that the national budgets are predicated on the expected annual production and price of crude oil.