jbr Essays

jbr Essays jbr Essay jbr Essay Jbr Q1. Headway in innovation and science is seen to be a dynamic undertaking to the people as it has been reliably becoming throughout the years with the development and progression of the human culture picking up force and developing at a quicker rate with each period as saw utilizing the sigmoid bend. This is undoubtedly evident as the ‘s’ bend portrays the way followed by the procedure of innovative headway showing the moderate pace at which it started where new revelations were made in science, either inadvertent, exploratory or through examination, and the increasing speed in the advancement made by the progression in science and innovation throughout the years. In the underlying industrialization stage, the principal society to conflict with motorization was the Luddites who were against automation in material fields. They would dissent and went to the degree of pulverizing the automated weaving machines supplanted the laborers in the enterprises making joblessness and an absence of salary, prompting an adjustment in their lifestyle. The Neo-Luddites are the cutting edge rendition of the Luddites. They don't completely restrict innovation however demand the controlled presentation of innovation and the significance of understanding the innovation before prologue to guarantee it doesn't achieve negative outcomes on humankind. The feelings of trepidation of the counter technologists are sound as innovation if not controlled can prompt joblessness of people thus changing the social setting of humankind. Evil innovation if not checked can prompt mischief particularly in the midst of misconception or war henceforth mechanical headway ought to be managed to forestall it hurting human presence or rendering them purposeless.

Bombardier Cseries Essay

Combined with BBD’s maturing innovation, radical overall occasions, and rising alluring open doors in the territorial planes showcase, BBD has been dependent upon savage overall rivalry and most forcefully from Brazil (Embraer). By what means would bombardier be able to restore administration in the internationally serious traveler aeronautic trade? 2. Investigation 2. 1 External Environment Analysis Politically and lawfully, governments had consistently bolstered flight by protecting national makers against rivalry and financing their innovative work ventures. Somewhat, outside rivalry required the mediation of the World Trade Organization to control hostile to dumping approaches. Governments likewise engaged in setting up natural guidelines to control the harming impacts of air transportation on the earth. The deregulation of the airplane business in the mid-1990s prompted a socio-social change in consumer’s inclination from high solace level to bring down costs. The last pushed aircraft organizations to look for minimal effort bearers to decrease costs. Monetarily, carrier bearers received adaptable money related models with makers to satisfy fluctuating airplanes need and build up the business further. Innovatively, carrier makers concentrated on improving their center capabilities through R;amp;D and accomplished economies of scale by redistributing plane fragments to providers and creating vital associations with subcontractors. As the table shows, contention among contenders has the most elevated impact on the traveler aeronautic trade. The moderate impact would be the haggling intensity of providers, Bargaining intensity of purchaser, and danger of new participants since the aeronautic trade is amazingly traditionalist as far as maker agreeableness and moving towards being condition neighborly. Concerning danger of replacement, it has the least impact since air transport is quicker and more productive than rail, street, or water methods of transport. In any case, it is essential to consider fast trains as a danger for territorial corresponding flights as clients could appreciate lower tolls, accommodation (versus the problem of air terminals), and an alternate encounter. As a rule, the traveler airplane business has high potential expect for the nearness of contention among contenders that keep it very hard to achieve. 2. 2 Internal authoritative examination A) Tangible Resources - Financial assets: BBD’s financing depends on rent financing that is upheld by duties from potential clients and providers. Display 15 demonstrates negative Revenue to Working Capital proportion in 2004 (CSeries declared) and 2006

Research Paper Writing Tips - Simple Tips to Succeed in Writing a Research Paper

Research Paper Writing Tips - Simple Tips to Succeed in Writing a Research PaperThe science and technique of research paper writing are an important part of academic study. In fact, there are several researchers who rely on the research paper writing as their main work or reference source. To make the most out of the research, a proper research paper writing must be developed and put into practice so that it can be easily accepted by a variety of academics and fellow students.Writing a paper for yourself or for your school will require some creativity and determination. It is therefore advisable to start off with a research paper writing tip that is reasonably easy and simple to follow. Here are some tips that can be applied to help you write a paper effectively:o Get motivated and focused: It is very important to start working on your paper. After all, writing is a good way to get yourself excited about writing and thinking of many other things besides the actual topic or purpose of the paper. You can get a little bit more focused and try to write what you know. It may seem easy and effortless, but you should try to stay focused on writing something interesting and beneficial for your readers.o Write about something that has already been done: You can simply begin writing about something that you have found or observed in the past. This is quite helpful in order to minimize the time and effort that you will need to research about a particular topic or concept. However, it is still recommended to check with other sources to ensure that the information provided is authentic and not just the product of one's imagination.o Use all the available resources: It is important to use all the available resources in order to be able to do research. The internet is a great resource for you to find and discover the relevant information that you need. For example, you can use the search engines to look for pertinent information.Make use of sources that are trustworthy: The b est source of information for you to gain a better understanding of the original research can be from secondary sources. You can also do some research online about the subject that you are writing about so that you can avoid the risks of falling for a hoax.o Write according to the form of papers: In order to be able to find a suitable research paper writing tip, you have to know that research papers should be written in a style that can be more easily accepted by academic and fellow students. If you think that this is not possible, you can always try to write in a different type of paper for a research topic.These are just some of the basic tips that you can implement in order to be successful in writing your own research papers. By following these tips, you can easily be confident in yourself and can create the best results for your research papers.

Marcus Garvey and Embracing African Heritage

No Marcus Garvey biography  would be complete without defining the radical views that made him a threat to the status quo. The life story of the Jamaican-born activist starts well before he came to the United States following World War I when Harlem was an exciting place for African-American culture. Poets like Langston Hughes and Countee Cullen, as well as novelists like Nella Larsen and Zora Neale Hurston, created a vibrant literature that captured the black experience. Musicians such as Duke Ellington and Billie Holiday, playing and singing in Harlem nightclubs, invented what has been called Americas classical music—jazz. In the midst of this renaissance of African-American culture in New York (known as the Harlem Renaissance), Garvey seized the attention of both white and black Americans with his powerful oratory and ideas about separatism. During the 1920s, the UNIA, the foundation of Garveys movement, became what historian Lawrence Levine has called the broadest mass movement in African-American history. Early Life Garvey was born in Jamaica in 1887, which was then part of the British West Indies. As a teenager, Garvey moved from his small coastal village to Kingston, where political speakers and preachers entranced him with their public speaking skills. He began studying oratory and practicing on his own. Entrance into Politics Garvey became a foreman for a large printing business, but a strike in 1907 during which he sided with the workers instead of management, derailed his career. The realization that politics was his true passion prompted Garvey to begin organizing and writing on behalf of workers. He traveled to Central and South America, where he spoke out on behalf of West Indian expatriate workers. The UNIA Garvey went to London in 1912 where he met a group of black intellectuals who gathered to discuss ideas like anti-colonialism and African unity. Returning to Jamaica in 1914, Garvey founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association or UNIA. Among the UNIAs goals were the founding of colleges for general and vocational education, the promotion of business ownership and the encouragement of a sense of brotherhood among the African diaspora. Garveys Trip to America Garvey encountered difficulties organizing Jamaicans; the more affluent tended to oppose his teachings as a threat to their position. In 1916, Garvey decided to travel to the United States to learn more about Americas black population. He discovered the time was ripe for the UNIA in the United States. As African-American soldiers began serving in World War I, there was widespread belief that being loyal and performing their duty for the United States would result in white Americans addressing the terrible racial inequalities that existed in the nation. In reality, African-American soldiers, after having experienced a more tolerant culture in France, returned home after the war to find racism as deeply entrenched as ever. Garveys teachings spoke to those who had been so disappointed to discover the status quo still in place after the war. Garveys Teachings Garvey established a branch of the UNIA in New York City, where he held meetings, putting into practice the oratorical style he had honed in Jamaica. He preached racial pride, for instance, encouraging parents to give their daughters black dolls to play with. He told African-Americans they had the same opportunities and potential as any other group of people in the world. Up, you mighty race, he exhorted the attendees. Garvey aimed his message at all African-Americans. To that end, he not only established the newspaper Negro World but also held parades in which he marched, wearing a lively dark suit with gold stripes and sporting a white hat with a plume. Relationship with W.E.B. Du Bois Garvey clashed with prominent African-American leaders of the day, including W.E.B. Du Bois. Among his criticisms, Du Bois denounced Garvey for meeting with Ku Klux Klan (KKK) members in Atlanta. At this meeting, Garvey told the KKK that their goals were compatible. Like the KKK, Garvey said, he rejected miscegenation and the idea of social equality. Blacks in America needed to forge their own destiny, according to Garvey. Ideas like these horrified Du Bois, who called Garvey the most dangerous enemy of the Negro Race in America and in the world in a May 1924 issue of The Crisis. Back to Africa Garvey is sometimes said to have headed a back-to-Africa movement. He did not call for a widespread exodus of blacks out of the Americas and into Africa but did see the continent as a source of heritage, culture, and pride. Garvey believed in founding a nation to serve as a central homeland, as Palestine was for Jews. In 1919, Garvey and the UNIA established the Black Star Line for the dual purposes of carrying blacks to Africa and promoting the idea of black enterprise. The Black Star Line The Black Star Line was poorly managed and fell victim to unscrupulous businessmen who sold damaged ships to the shipping line. Garvey also chose poor associates to go into business with, some of whom apparently stole money from the business. Garvey and the UNIA sold stock in the business by mail, and the inability of the company to deliver on its promises resulted in the federal government prosecuting Garvey and four others for mail fraud. Exile Though Garvey was only guilty of inexperience and bad choices, he was convicted in 1923. He spent two years in jail;  President Calvin Coolidge  ended his sentence early, but Garvey was deported in 1927. He continued to work for the UNIAs goals after his exile from the United States, but he was never able to return. The UNIA struggled on but never reached the heights it had under Garvey. Sources Levine, Lawrence W. Marcus Garvey and the Politics of Revitalization. In  The Unpredictable Past: Explorations in American Cultural History. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. Lewis, David L.  W.E.B. Du Bois: The Fight for Equality and the American Century, 1919-1963. New York: Macmillan, 2001.

Theme Of Young Goodman Brown And The Cask Of Amontillado

â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† by Nathaniel Hawthorne and â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† by Edgar Allen Poe have surplus amounts of irony that animate both short stories. Demented felonious antagonists and clueless protagonists cause the stories to seem similar. Montresor, a cunning and licentious human from â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† and caring Goodman from â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† persistently use verbal irony, nevertheless, the irony is unique to each story. In â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† and â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† the verbal irony examples are different because they serve various actions. In â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† the scheming Montresor tells Fortunato, â€Å"we will go back; your health is precious†¦we will go back; you will be ill, and I cannot be†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Cask of Amontillado† has its own unique purpose for verbal irony. The antagonist, Montresor, uses his lies to lure Fortunato into trusting him. Montresor continuously expresses his care for Fortunato’s health, although his sole purpose in meeting with him is to â€Å"punish with impunity† (Poe 6) and extract revenge on Fortunato for causing him a thousand injuries. Edgar Allen Poe means Montresor will give Fortunato a punishment without punishment, however, the situation becomes ironic because burying him alive is a form of punishment. In Montresor’s cynical words there are numerous other examples of irony. In â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† Montresor toasts Fortunato’s life and says â€Å"In pace requiescat† (Poe 13) whilst reminiscing about his horrendous crime after fifty years. Montresor’s reminiscence is significant because it shows that the crime’s successful, it’s ironic because Montresor expects Fortunato to be at peace after he leaves him in a damp catacomb to die. Similarly, Young Goodman Brown also has a gloom dying hour, after he looks for Faith and finds a congregation that praises the Devil instead. In his eagerness to return to his Faith, Goodman questions the circumstance and asks, â€Å"but where is Faith† (Hawthorne 11)? His desire to stay out of the path that leads him to the evil shows that his morals are stronger than his cravings to face the Devil.Show MoreRelatedTheme Of Young Goodman Brown And The Cask Of Amontillado970 Words   |  4 Pagesthat Nathaniel Hawthorne and Edgar Allan Poe comp liment and counteract this goal in their works â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† and â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado†, respectively, is with irony. Their masterful use of irony engages the reader in the work and invites them to consider the story and the characters’ intentions. The irony presented in â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† by Nathaniel Hawthorne and â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† by Edgar Allan Poe allows us to understand the emotions of the characters and the mood of the workRead MoreYoung Goodman Brown And A Cask Of Amontillado Analysis1110 Words   |  5 PagesYoung Goodman Brown and A Cask of Amontillado both incorporate a gothic theme to the simple yet intricate plotline they hold. Within the two short stories, irony scatters, adding to the overall grim theme. Although they use the same 3 types of irony, the authors use them differently and similarly at the same time. In Young Goodman Brown by Nathaniel Hawthorne and A Cask of Amontillado by Edgar Allen Poe, there are many examples of situational irony that are used comparably in both texts. DramaticRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allan Poe763 Words   |  4 Pagesliterature, stories contain themes that can be similar or different. The themes are as diverse as the stories themselves. Three stories will be discussed in this paper -- first, Edgar Allan Poe’s The Cask of Amontillado tells a dark tale of revenge. Next, in Shirley Jackson’s The Lottery, it is shown that a tradition can be dangerous when followed blindly. Finally, Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Young Goodman Brown deals with the loss of innocence and faith. In The Cask of Amontillado, the narrator, MontresorRead MorePoe vs Hawthorne1992 Words   |  8 Pagesliterary element he employed, however, would be false. Throughout history, authors have endeavoured to master other forms of literary elements, to become the master of those elements, and equal to none in them. By comparing â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† with â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†, is to study two masters, at odds with their specific forms of writing, but each a master in his own right. Each story shows how two people that can be so far apart on a scale, can use the same literary elements in similar andRead MoreFamous American Authors: Ralph Waldo Emerson, Edgar Allan Poe, and Nathanial Hawthorne554 Words   |  3 PagesEmerson was also an Idealist, someone who trusted that man’s morals and values would out weigh terrestrial desires that came from modern society. These two notions were weaved throughout some of his works such as Nature also, the theme of nature itself was a major theme in works later in Emerson’s life. Emerson’s tone on metaphysics was that nature was directly created and connect to the Over Soul, god-like being, and all man had to do to experience true divinity was to trandsend hisself with natureRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s The Mind1900 Words   |  8 Pagesof literature as a dream. Using this technique was said to reveal hidden motivations within the writer. It was an amazing thing that allowed authors to repressed desires by applying psychoanalytic techniques. For example in the famous story â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† by Nathaniel Hawthorne, he uses symbols and feeling throughout the whole story, and things like this really draw in the reader s attention. Nathaniel Hawthorne and Sigmund Freud both share an amazing writing technique, they like to rely onRead MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesthe process of change. So-called initiation novels, such as David Copperfield, Huckleberry Finn and the Great Gatsby, are examples. In each case the author has arranged the events of the plot so that they reveal the slow and painful maturing of the young protagonist coming into contact with the world of adult experience. Static characters leave the plot as they entered it, largely untouched by the events that have taken place. Although static characters tend to be minor ones, because the author’s principal

The Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass - 954 Words

Whipped, beaten and bloodied until there was no more energy left to give. African-American slaves in the early American world had to endure and struggle through some of the most gruesome punishments and on occasion, it was for no reason at all. In the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Douglass displays some occasions where he, even as a young boy, was subjected to some of these terrible events. Douglass plays on the pathos of his readers right from the beginning by tugging at our emotions with the story of his Aunt Hester. Does Douglass portray his violence to be over the top? Some might say yes, but even if it’s over the top, it is because it’s accurate. Some punishments that the slaves endured were whipping, hanging, beating, burning, branding, shackling and imprisonment (Boundless). Many of the plantations that housed slaves used these forms of brutality. Slaves could earn a one-way ticket to a punishment by trying to run away, a form of disobedience or s ometimes just because their master felt like it. One of the most violent forms of these brutal acts was the whipping. When a slave is whipped, they are literally stripped of their clothes and dignity and flogged with a rope, piece of leather or even cow skin with prongs. Depending on the slave master, the number of lashes changes. However, some masters just decide to whip until they grow tired or fatigued. In Douglass’s book, he talks about these horrific ordeals in great detail because he witnessed some ofShow MoreRelatedNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass987 Words   |  4 PagesLife of Frederick In the â€Å"narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass an American slave written by himself† Frederick reveled to audience the time he was living as a slave and the moments of brutal treats for example psychological, emotional and physical abuses. He was suffering terrible moments during his 20 years as a slave in the twentieth century. In addition, he describes in his own words the strategies he used to escape from the slave holders and to be free. This story the â€Å"Narrative of theRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1730 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the most well-known slavery narratives was lived and written by Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. Frederick Douglass was a civil rights activist who was born into slavery on a plantation in eastern Maryland in February 1818. His exact birth date is unknown, he states in his narrative, â€Å"I have no accurate knowledge of my age, never having seen any authentic record containing it.†2 His birth name was Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, which was given by hisRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Essay1102 Words   |  5 PagesDate Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Writing in the favor of black people has always remained controversial from the very beginning. Critics regard such writing as â€Å"a highly conventionalized genre† indicating that â€Å"its status as literature was long disputed but the literary merits of its most famous example such as Frederick Douglass s Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass†¦are widely recognized today.† (Ryan:537) Despite of such severe resistance, writers like Douglass have pennedRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1566 Words   |  7 PagesThe â€Å"Narratives of the Life of Frederick Douglass† is the story of Frederick Douglass’ life from the time he was born into slavery, to the time he escaped to freedom in the north. When Douglass wrote this book, slavery was still legal in a large portion of the United States. After Douglass’ escape to freedom and his continuation of his education, he became an abolitionist through his works of literatu re and speeches. In â€Å"The Blessings of Slavery†, by George Fitzhugh he states that southern slavesRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1257 Words   |  6 PagesBook Review By Mary Elizabeth Ralls Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass: An autobiography written by Frederick Douglass Millennium publication, 1945edition 75 pages Frederick Douglass whose real name was Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey approximately birthdate is in1818, the month or day is not known, he died in 1895. He is one of the most famous advocates and the greatest leaders of anti-slavery in the past 200 or so years.Read MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Essay1498 Words   |  6 Pagessoutherners believed that one of the most essential means of life was slavery. In the novel, Narrative of The Life of Frederick Douglass, Douglass challenges and debunks the idea of slavery being a necessary part of the white lifestyle; many pro-slavery arguments consisted of religion justifying slavery, slaves being â€Å"easily manipulated†/ignorant, and slavery keeping the southern economy from disappearing (The Proslavery Argument). Frederick uses personal experiences and other tactics to expose theRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1363 Words   |  6 Pages In The Narrative of the Life of Frederic k Douglass, Frederick Douglass portrays the importance of education because of its influence in leveling the playing field between the races in the 1800s. Education and knowledge are themes that are heavily dwelled upon throughout the novel, inspiring the reader to see the full power of such important ideals and to take the full advantage of both at all times. Douglass gives the reader a new appreciation for education as he delivers his message regardingRead MoreThe Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass1527 Words   |  7 Pagesconsidered â€Å"property† of their slaveholders and had no control over their own life. They were victims of psychological and physical brutal treatment. This story represents confinement, slavery and the lack of power African people had in such a racist society back in those days. African talents were absolutely wasted and they were considered inferior to white individuals. The â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass† sim ply addresses that white society was causing negative effects to itself andRead MoreNarrative Life Of Frederick Douglass1549 Words   |  7 PagesThe Narrative Life of Frederick Douglass’ is an autobiography of Frederick Douglass, the slave who escaped and became one of renowned social reformers of his time. The book is a collection of actual experiences of the author during his time in slavery and experiences of fellow slaves. He describes brilliantly the oppressive conditions into which he was born, lived, as well as his struggles and triumphs. The author meant to make the reader comprehend life of the African Americans in slavery beforeRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1255 Words   |  6 PagesFrederick Douglass, throughout Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, uses religion to get many of his points across. In one way, religion plays a huge role in Douglass’ ability to become literate throughout the text. With the Bible and other Christi an texts, Douglass is able to further his ability and the ability of others to read. This becomes important because as Douglass points out the slaveholders believe a literate slave is not a good slave. This union of literacy and religion show the

Cloud Computing Green IT Products

Question: Discuss about the Cloud Computing for Green IT Products. Answer: Part A Exercise 1: Greenhouse computing Greenhouse effect can be defined as the warming of the earth as a result of atmospheric gases (referred as greenhouse gases) absorbing, radiating, and trapping the suns energy close to the earth. The gases include nitrous oxide, methane, carbon dioxide, and artificial chemicals like chlorofluorocarbons released into the atmosphere from human activities ("Greenhouse effect", n.d.). Greening IT Products: It is true that we are required to green our IT products. Legally, there are environmental regulations in all countries that seek to minimize the cost of waste disposal and this has been adopted by manufacturing companies formulating policies geared towards environmental protection (Murugesan, 2008). Ethically as well as socially, greening IT products benefits us as well as improve the environmental conditions for sustainable life. Ethically no one would like to stay in a polluted environment therefore greening IT products is also our social responsibility. Greening IT and Benefits According to Murugesan (2008), green IT is concerned with production/manufacturing, usage, and disposal of IT products that have little or no impact to the environment. IT products consume a lot of electricity which has in turn placed a burden on electric grid thereby contributing to greenhouse gases. Besides the disposal of electronic devices which IT products are part of is costly. Individuals and organizations can benefit from greening IT products for efficient energy use, reuse, and recycling thereby reducing the cost of energy and waste disposal. In addition, most governments are becoming environment-conscious and impose levies for environmental pollution (Murugesan, 2008). Businesses and manufacturing companies can avoid these through IT products greening. Furthermore, investors and consumers are increasingly considering investing and purchasing of products that are environment friendly. IT companies practicing green IT stands to benefits from this as individuals become more en vironmental conscious. Exercise 2: Environmental Sustainability How to build a greener environment According to Murugesan (2010), we can create a greener environment by ensuring that the entire lifecycle of an IT product from designing, manufacturing, usage to disposal are greener. In terms of usage, all IT products should consume less energy and in consideration of the environmental sustainability. The products should also be easy to dispose, recycle, and reuse without any environmental impact. Designers should also ensure that new products designed such as computers, servers, data centers, and cooling systems among others are consume energy efficiently in addition to being environment friendly. In the manufacturing phase of the product lifecycle, manufacturing standards should be able to address environmental concerns or issues such that products manufactured have little or no impact at all to the environment. Observing these measures throughout a product lifecycle will guarantee environment sustainability. Article Summary After a long time of neglect or unawareness of the negative impacts IT products have on the environment, IT companies and individuals are now promoting greener standards within the industry to minimize these impact. So as to create a greener environment, the design, manufacturing, usage, and disposal phases of IT product lifecycle has to ensure that these products are energy sufficient, can be refurbished, reused, and recycled. Besides, innovations in IT can lead to creation of systems that brings about efficiency in business processes in other industries resulting to minimal environmental pollution. In addition, IT can help in environmental assessments via development of decision-support systems that can help mangers in making informed decisions concerning a companys operations in relation to environmental impact. However, Green IT can only be achieved if there is increased awareness and education of the IT professionals on the environmental impact of IT systems (Murugesan, 2010). Exercise 3: Environmentally Sound Practices Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) Power usage effectiveness (PUE) is a metric used to measure the proficiency of data centers in relation to energy consumed. This is determined by comparing the total amount of power supplied to the IT systems and the actual amount of power used by facilities in the data center (Belady, Rawson, Pfleuger, Cader, 2008). The reciprocal of PUE gives the Data Center infrastructure Efficiency (DCiE) which is the percentage of load (power supplied) used by the IT equipment. This is expressed in equation as follows: Data Center Efficiency Data Center Efficiency refers to the measures taken in ensuring the data center facilities consumption of energy is efficient. This can be expressed or determined by using the PUE and DCiE metrics as outlined above. Data Center Infrastructure Efficiency (DCiE) DCiE is a metric for calculating the amount of load (power) used by the IT equipment at the data center to determine its efficiency in energy consumption. It is expressed in terms of percentage as shown below: Universities offering Green Computing course The American Public University System green computing course is called Green Computing - advanced topics. It covers current research progress and developments in areas of green computing from computer hardware, software, to emerging organizations advocating for green computing ("AMU Course: ISSC387 - Green Computing: Advanced Topics", n.d.). Athabasca University (Canada) offers the course Green ICT Strategies ("Computer Science (COMP) 635", n.d.). This course focuses on different strategies used by private and public sectors at both local and international stage and how to apply them in working environment. Acadia University from Canada offers Green Computing IT (COMP 2923 A2) course that introduces students to issues raised from energy consumption by ICT systems and their impact ("Acadia University COMP 2923 X2 - Green Computing IT", n.d.). It also highlights the concerns by governments and business organizations in promoting development and use of energy efficient systems with minimal impact to the environment. In Sweden, Linkoping University has TDDD50 Green Computing course on offer. The course emphasizes on green computing through efficient energy consumption and gives students an opportunity to learn from various research works on green ICT ("TDDD50 Green Computing", n.d.). The Australian National University offers ICT Sustainability (COMP7310) course. The course looks at various ways of assessing and reducing the environmental impact of ICT systems with a view to ensuring efficient energy consumption ("COMP7310: ICT Sustainability", n.d.). Exercise 4: Major Cloud APIs JSON is an API by Google that provides backend interface for developers to access and manipulate projects on Google cloud ("Google Cloud Storage JSON API Overview", n.d.). According to Google, it is suitable for software developers experienced in web programming for HTTP based applications. The Developer Publishing API by Amazon enables developers to create, manage, and update their android applications hosted in the Amazon Appstore ("Developer Publishing API", n.d.). This has ease the publishing process for developers as this can be done from the building systems automatically. GoGrid has GoGrid Basic Firewall API v2. This API provides developer with an option of defining group security policies in a VM network ("GoGrid Basic Firewall API v2", n.d.). With a single API call, developers can be able to create and deploy multiple group policies in the network. For health application developers interested in using Microsoft health data, Microsoft provides the Microsoft Health Cloud API. With this API, developers can integrate their applications and have access to health data presented in JSON format (Microsoft Health Cloud API, n.d.). Part B Exercise 1: Greening IT Standards and Regulations The Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool (EPEAT) is a tool, system, or method that helps individuals, institutions, manufacturers, and resellers to identify electronic products that are environment friendly and meet the environmental regulations according to the given region (EPEAT Program Guidelines, 2015). Managed by Green Electronics Council (GEC) organization established in 2005, the EAPEAT requires the assessment of a products environmental impact throughout its lifecycle, from design, manufacturing, usage, recycling, reuse, to disposal. EPEAT certified products are labeled or categorized into bronze, silver, and gold levels. This levels basically indicate the environmental performance of the product. Products that meet all criteria requirements are rate as bronze while those that meet all set criteria and 50% of the requirements categorized as optional are silver rated. Those products certified with gold ratings have met all mandatory requirements and 75% of the req uirements identified as optional. Energy star 4.0 is a standard that came into effect in 2007 defining the energy requirements, power management, and guidelines for computing device manufacturers. The standard is meant to ensure that all computer products are energy efficient with minimal consumption of energy and environmental impact (ENERGY STAR Program Requirements for Computers, 2007). This will in turn translate to saving costs for power consumed and reduced demand on national power grids or generators of electricity. As a result, greenhouse gas emissions will be reduced. All computing devices from manufacturers are required to be tested before releasing them to the market based on the test cases, power management requirements, and energy efficiency requirements set by the standard. Products that meet these requirements are labeled with the ENERGY STAR logo and users are encouraged to purchase these certified products as they consume less energy with lower environmental effects. The Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive is directive that restricts the use of certain hazardous materials or chemical elements in the manufacturing of the electrical and electronic devices ("RoHS: compliance and guidance", 2014). Electronic manufactures, distributors, resellers as well as importers are required to observe that all electrical products that fall under the restricted devices as defined by the directive do not contain the chemical levels that are deemed dangerous to human besides being an environmental hazard. Some of these restricted materials and accepted levels include Lead (0,1%), Cadmium (0,01%), Mercury (0,1%), Polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) (0,1%), Hexavalent chromium (0,1%), and Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) (0,1%). Those found violating the directive will be punished as per the laws depending on the nature of the case. The directive is meant to guarantee the health of the population while minimizing pollution of environment from use of electro nic devices. Exercise 2: Green cloud computing There are various new methods and technologies proposed to reduce energy consumption and cost. With new innovations, it is possible to regulate the frequency of microprocessors and turn off circuit blocks that are not in use to save energy. Multiple Clock Domain (MCD) processor chip are split into four regions that supports independent and varying energy consumption that can be adjusted for efficient energy consumption (Xiong, Vandenberg, Han, 2012). There has also been development in task scheduling algorithms like 3D Computational Fluid Dynamics for rack-mounted servers that reduces the amount of power required during computational processing. To reduce the amount of power required for cooling, this has been achieved through task assignment algorithms. There are also proposed methods such as use of predictive thermal mapping tool called weatherman, use of Generic, Algorithm and Quadratic Programming for task scheduling, and deployment of sensor based thermal evaluation model. Furthermore, even though use of Virtual Machines helps reduce the number of hardware required and consequentially energy consumption, there have been proposals to reduce further energy requirements for the virtual machines. According to Xiong, Vandenberg, and Han (2012), Nathuji and Schwan have recommended a Virtual Power approach to isolate, support, and coordinate power management policies for the VMs that will in turn reduce energy consumption. There is also significant saving on energy for cloud computing platforms as a result of consolidating applications. There are also algorithms that manage efficiently requests and schedules for processes in multi-tiered web applications for virtual environments thereby reducing energy use. For cooling purposes in mainframe computers, researchers have proposed use of chilled-liquid that has shown significant results in reducing overheating in microprocessors. Use of networking equipment that can accommodate additional network traffic and smal ler hard disk drives has also been recommended to reduce energy consumption. Exercise 3: Cloud API Functionalities Nectar API The API in the link is the unofficial Nectar API, sainsburys-nectar-api. This is a Java based API that can be used to link and collect information from user accounts at Nectar. The information can include account name, currency, offers, points balance, and account type among others ("Google Code Archive - Long-term storage for Google Code Project Hosting.", 2013). Openstack Nova API The API mentioned in the link is the Openstack Nova API. This API is used in conjunction with the Python API and Command-line API ("python-novaclient 3.3.2 : Python Package Index", n.d.). Using this APIs, developers can be able to interact and access data hosted in the OpenStack cloud. Openstack Software Openstack is open source software that developers can use in developing public as well as private clouds ("Openstack", n.d.). In order for the developer to conveniently work with the Openstack softare, there are numerous APIs that one can work with to faster the development and deployment of a certain functionalities that the developer wants. Working through the APIs, the developer can be able to start server, instances, create images and link them with metadata instances, develop storage containers and related objects for data storage among other activities in the OpenStack cloud. Some examples of these APIs include the Data Processing API that can be used to configure Hadoop distributed database system, Domain name Server (DNS) API for configuration of the DNS services, and Container Infrastructure Management API for defining, creating, and management of storage containers. Other APIs include Compute API, Identity API, Image Service API, Messaging API, networking APi, Search API am ong others to facilitate the developers work ("OpenStack Docs: OpenStack API Documentation", 2016). The APIs are many and can be used to attain different functionalities in the OpenStack cloud depending on the application one is building. References Acadia University COMP 2923 X2 - Green Computing IT.Acadia University. Retrieved 13 October 2016, from https://socrates.acadiau.ca/courses/comp/dsilver/2923/ AMU Course: ISSC387 - Green Computing: Advanced Topics.Apus.edu. Retrieved 13 October 2016, from https://www.apus.edu/schedule-classes/schedule/course/issc387 Belady, C., Rawson, A., Pfleuger, J., Cader, T. (2008).GREEN GRID DATA CENTER POWER EFFICIENCY METRICS: PUE AND DCIE.Thegreengrid.org. Retrieved 13 October 2016, from https://www.thegreengrid.org/~/media/WhitePapers/White_Paper_6_-_PUE_and_DCiE_Eff_Metrics_30_December_2008.ashx?lang=en COMP7310: ICT Sustainability.Australian National University. Retrieved 13 October 2016, from https://cs.anu.edu.au/courses/comp7310/ Computer Science (COMP) 635.Athabasca University. Retrieved 13 October 2016, from https://www.athabascau.ca/syllabi/comp/comp635.php Developer Publishing API.Amazon Developer Portal. Retrieved 13 October 2016, from https://developer.amazon.com/developer-publishing ENERGY STAR Program Requirements for Computers. (2007) (1st ed., pp. 1-16). Retrieved from https://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/prod_development/revisions/downloads/computer/Computer_Spec_Final.pdf EPEAT Program Guidelines. (2015) (1st ed., pp. 2-11). Retrieved from https://www.epeat.net/documents/EPEAT_Program_Guidelines.pdf GoGrid Basic Firewall API v2.GoGrid. Retrieved 13 October 2016, from https://wiki.gogrid.com/index.php/API_v2:GoGrid_Basic_Firewall_API_v2#Overview Google Cloud Storage JSON API Overview.Google Cloud Platform. Retrieved 13 October 2016, from https://cloud.google.com/storage/docs/json_api/ Google Code Archive - Long-term storage for Google Code Project Hosting.. (2013).Code.google.com. Retrieved 13 October 2016, from https://code.google.com/archive/p/sainsburys-nectar-api/ Greenhouse effect.Environment.gov.au. Retrieved 12 October 2016, from https://www.environment.gov.au/climate-change/climate-science/greenhouse-effect Microsoft Health Cloud API(1st ed., pp. 3-49). Retrieved from https://developer.microsoftband.com/Content/docs/MS%20Health%20API%20Getting%20Started.pdf Murugesan, S. (2008).Harnessing Green IT: Principles and Practices(1st ed., pp. 24-33). IEEE Computer Society. Retrieved from https://www.pitt.edu/~dtipper/2011/GreenPaper.pdf Murugesan, S. (2010). Making IT Green.IT Professional,12(2), 4-5. https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mitp.2010.60 OpenStack Docs: OpenStack API Documentation. (2016).Developer.openstack.org. Retrieved 13 October 2016, from https://developer.openstack.org/api-guide/quick-start/ Openstack. Support.rc.nectar.org.au. Retrieved 13 October 2016, from https://support.rc.nectar.org.au/docs/openstack python-novaclient 3.3.2 : Python Package Index.Pypi.python.org. Retrieved 13 October 2016, from https://pypi.python.org/pypi/python-novaclient RoHS: compliance and guidance. (2014).Gov.UK. Retrieved 13 October 2016, from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2011:174:0088:0110:EN:PDF TDDD50 Green Computing.Linkoping University. Retrieved 13 October 2016, from https://www.ida.liu.se/~TDDD50/info/courseinfo.en.shtml Xiong, N., Vandenberg, A., Han, W. (2012). Green cloud computing schemes based on networks: a survey.IET Communications,6(18), 3294-3300. https://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-com.2011.0293

Paradise Lost By John Milton (1608 - 1674) Essays -

Paradise Lost by John Milton (1608 - 1674) Paradise Lost by John Milton (1608 - 1674) Type of Work: Narrative, epic poem Setting Hell, then Heaven, then newly-created Earth; all "in the beginning" Principal Characters Satan, earlier called Lucifer, a fallen angel Adam, the first man Eve, the first woman God the Father God the Son Various angels and demons Story Overveiw (Recounted here is the story of Man's fall, Of Man's First Disobedience, and the Fruit Of that Forbidden Tree,whose mortal taste Bought Death into the World, and all our woe With loss of Eden, Till one greater Man Restore us, and regain the blissful Seat...) Satan, the once radiant Lucifer, and his angels lay in a formless, sulphurous lake of fire having justbeen driven out of Heaven. Their fall had sent them plummeting through space from their heavenly home down to Hell, leaving them beaten senseless. Only now, after lying unconscious for nine days, did Satan and his demons begin to rouse themselves. Accustomed to living in heavenly glory, they found their new home horrifying, and convened a council to determine how they might escape Hell and recover at least some of their former glory. Too proud to consider seeking re-admittance to Heaven through repentance, they agreed with Satan that it was "better to reign in Hell than serve in Heaven." One demon favored remaining in Hell, but transforming it into a kingdom as powerful and glrious as Heaven. But another, Beelzebub, second in command, proposed a different plan: He had heard that God had designs to create a new world, to be the home "of some new race called man ... / To be created like to us, though less/ In power and excellence" Beelzebub argued that, if they acted quickl,, they could possess this new world and subdue as slaves the new race of men. His vengeful plot was eagerly approved by the hosts of Hell, and Satan himself volunteered to make the perilous journey past the Gates of Hell and through space to the new earth. Satan, after a long trek, happened upon a heavenly angel, Uriel, custodian of the orb of the sun. Disguised as an angel, Satan managed to get the unsuspecting Uriel to point out where the new earth lay. The devil then flew off. His earthly arrival, however, did not go unnoticed by God, who calmly explained to His Son that Satan's presence would, in time, lead to the fall of man, bringing upon him punishment and death. Moved by compassion, the Son offered to give his life in order to save men, which sacrifice the Father accepted. But for the time they left Satan to his wiles. Satan was overwhelmed by the earth's beauty. But that very beauty, far from filling him with joy, stirred up memories of the Paradise he had lost. In a stormy speech full of self-doubt, fear, and envy, Satan lamented his fall and foretold a future filled with ever-worsening torments. He would never be able to escape Hell, he concluded, since "which way I fly is Hell; myself am Hell." But if he could not live in peace, at least he would divide Heaven's kingdom, and possibly rule over the greater part of God's creation. Searching, Satan finally came upon Adam and Eve. Disguised in the forms of various beasts, he marvelled at the first man and woman, whose beauty and nobility inspired in him both admiration and caretakers of the Garden of Eden and eavesdropped on their long, affectionate conversations. He was astonished to find them endowed with full faculties of speech and reasoning, and yet they were so innocent as to enjoy sexual union without the slightest taint of lust. After performing their evening devotions, Adam and Eve retired to their bed. Satan, crouching as a toad beside the sleeping woman, whispered falsehoods and rumors into her ear. After a time, guardian angels arrived to interrupt his mischief, but allowed him to escape. On the next morning Eve awoke complaining of a nightmare in which an angel had tempted her to eat the forbidden fruit of the Tree of Knowledge. God, seeing the peril his creation was in, sent the angel Raphael to explain to the couple that Satan had been the cause of the dream and to warn them against further temptation. Adam's curiosity was sparked; he asked Raphael about this "Satan" and how he had managed to come to the earth. The angel answered Adam with an account of Satan's fall. The problem, he related, began when God the Father announced to the assembled angels that He had anointed His Son, who stood at His right hand, as a Lord over them all. Lucifer, full of envy,

How to Conjugate the Irregular French Verb Offir

How to Conjugate the Irregular French Verb Offir Offrir  (to offer, to provide, to give) is an irregular French -ir verb. Below are simple  conjugations  of the verb  offrir; the conjugation table does not include compound tenses, which consist of  a form of the auxiliary verb avoir with the past participle offert. Within irregular  -ir  verb conjugations, there are some  patterns. Two groups exhibit similar characteristics and conjugation patterns. Then there is a final, large category of extremely irregular  -ir  verbs that follow no pattern. Offrir is an Irregular -ir- Verb Offrir lies in the second group of irregular  -ir  verbs that display a pattern. The second group of verbs includes  couvrir,  cueillir,  dà ©couvrir,  offrir,  ouvrir,  souffrir, and all their derivatives. These verbs, surprisingly,  are all  conjugated like  regular -er verbs. Offir Is Conjugated Like  French Verbs Ending in -frir and -vrir All French verbs that end in  -frir  or  -vrir  are conjugated this way. This includes: couvrir to coverdà ©couvrir to discoverouvrir to opensouffrir to sufferrecouvrir to recover   Expressions and Usage Je peux toffrir  bien davantage. I can  offer  you much more than that.Nous devons leur  offrir  pareille possibilità ©. We need to  provide  them with the same opportunity.Jallais vous  offrir  cette maison. I was going to  give  you this house.Je vais lui  offrir  du thà ©. Im going to give him some  tea.Mais vous devez  offrir  limmunità ©. But youd have to  offer  us immunity.Jaimerais  offrir  une perspective diffà ©rente. Id like to  offer  a different perspective.Jaimerais que nous puissions  offrir  plus. I wish we were in a better position to  offer  more.Jaimerais lui  offrir  ma collection de coquillages. Id like to give  her my shell collection.offrir quelque chose en cadeau quelquun  Ã‚  to give somebody something as a presentsoffrir [pronominal reflexive]  Ã‚  to offer  / to give oneself [sexually] OR to offer ones servicessoffrir payer les dà ©gà ¢ts  Ã‚  to offer to pay for the damagesof frir [pronominal reciprocal] to give or buy each otherun seul moyen soffrait moi  [pronominal  intransitive] only one course of action was open / presented itself to me un panorama exceptionnel soffre au regard   an amazing view meets the eyessoffrir de quelque chose [pronominal transitive] to treat oneself to something Simple Conjugations of the Irregular French -ir Verb Offrir Present Future Imperfect Present participle j offre offrirai offrais offrant tu offres offriras offrais il offre offrira offrait nous offrons offrirons offrions vous offrez offrirez offriez ils offrent offriront offraient Pass compos Auxiliary verb avoir Past participle offert Subjunctive Conditional Pass simple Imperfect subjunctive j offre offrirais offris offrisse tu offres offrirais offris offrisses il offre offrirait offrit offrt nous offrions offririons offrmes offrissions vous offriez offririez offrtes offrissiez ils offrent offriraient offrirent offrissent Imperative tu offre nous offrons vous offrez

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 60

Assignment Example Markus & Moya implied that race is not genetically determined through the conversation, â€Å"Race Is in Our DNA†. The authors found the inaccuracy in genetic-based argument about race by arguing that biology or unchanged cultural characteristics cannot determine the race of a person (Stanford Humanities). In addition, they described race as a product of society and history because people would interact among themselves in different settings to make up the world they are living presently. Research findings then conflicted with the authors by finding out that human genome determines race, and it has been approved by many Americans. The conversation held that race is a much more complex subject that the inherent qualities of an individual or groups of people. The argument holds true for African-Americans commonly referred to as black Americans. Blacks arose because of the slave trade in South America and its neighborhood. Markus & Moya found another troubling misconception about race and ethnicity under the conversation they called â€Å"That’s just identity politics.† The two scholars found out that people turn to such interjections when the political movement of the day does not favor their race or ethnic community (Stanford Humanities). The authors identified people who treat race and ethnicity as irrelevant and use such comments as a scapegoat from critical universal concerns. The professors underline that race or ethnicity does not define or result in consequences that people face in history or political contexts. The authors argued that the people who draw attention through the lens of race or ethnicity are weak and fight for a lost course. The proponents of identity politics in the 1990s used connotation PC police to sustain or end conversations that were directed towards a disadvantaged group of people. The right wing politicians in search of academic and

The Structure and Development of Nigerian Economy Essay

The Structure and Development of Nigerian Economy - Essay Example The current president Umaru Yar'Adua came to power following a controversial election in 2007. The economy of Nigeria has always been dominated by Petroleum accounting for about 25 percent of GDP. 90 percent of exports consist of petroleum and related products and 70 percent of government revenue comes from Oil. But lately its dependence on oil is set to change due to the constant disturbance in the delta region making oil production difficult. About 65% of the population is engaged in agricultural activities. The Economic reform in Nigeria started in year 2000, but the growth has been very slow throughout the country. Corruption remains pervasive despite progress made by the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission. -The paper aims to examine the overall economic development in Nigeria after its independence. The paper looks in detail how far the natural resources in Nigeria like petroleum, oil and gas sectors has helped the economic development of the country. It will also do an analysis of whether Nigeria depends too much upon the oil sector which provides 95% of its export earnings, and how this factor has weakened its agricultural potential. What are the major factors that contributed growth of Nigerian economy as a whole and what are the driving forces of Nigerian economy What are the underlying weaknesses of Nigeria as a country How corruption in Nigerian governmental agencies has affected the growth of Nigeria in all spheres. Objectives: To evaluate overall economic development in Nigeria for the last 5years (i.e. GDP rates, inflation or deflation, interest rates, movement of cash flow; rate of the Unemployment; and macroeconomic performance of the whole country). To analyze the growth of the petroleum, oil & gas sector, how far this growth has affected government revenue & economic development of the country. To discuss the trend in unemployment rate within the last 5years and evaluate whether the petroleum & gas sectors has any impact on such trend. Analyze problems in development of the economy due to lack of attention of government in agriculture & rural areas. To evaluate the various initiatives taken by the Nigerian Government to tackle the issues that hampers the economical growth of the country. (Erhiawarien). Work Cited Index of Economic Freedom: 2008. The Heritage Foundation. 2008. 16 Apr. 2008. . Nigeria: General Information. MBendi Information for Africa. 23 Aug. 2006. 16 Apr. 2008. . Nigeria: Economy. 16 Apr. 2008. . Country briefings Nigeria: History in Brief. Economist.com. Business friendly. 15 Nov. 2004. 16 Apr. 2008. . Erhiawarien, Mercy. Master's Dissertation Proposal - Nigeria's NEEDS, an Analysis of the NEEDS Policy. 16 Apr. 2008.

Strategies to Protect Sensitive Corporate Data

Strategies to Protect Sensitive Corporate Data Jasjeet Singh What are the steps project managers must incorporate to uphold the security, privacy and disaster recovery policies to prevent Companies sensitive and vital corporate Data? Abstract Security, disasters and privacy are risks to a project and to a project manager. But project managers are trained to deal with risks. These risks are best addressed when the project manager fully understands them. In a nutshell, we can say its all about protection of vital data and its critical element CIA(confidentiality, integrity, and availability) including the machines and process that use, store, and transmit that data. Security is a risk to project managers for both implementing a project and perhaps the project itself if it is IT or telecom related. In this paper, I will include the data security risks facing a project manager, How to protect the CIA Triad using various security policies, standards, and procedures. And I will try to touch some more information security related aspects like Security Awareness and privacy protection, etc. Keywords-Project management; Project Manager; Data Security; Privacy; Security Policies; Confidentiality; Security Awareness. Almost every project generate or use, some form of information and information technology. Mostly, this information needs to be preserved or isolated by some form of security. Security planning and implementation is an integral part of the overall project life cycle which also include many different issues to be considered when planning a project. Whereas finally what is being safeguarded is the data produced by the machines, the information that data is used to create, and in some manner, the conclusions made based upon that vital data. A security threat is something that jeopardizes any of the CIA Triad (availability, confidentiality, and integrity) of a machines data. Security flaws and risks emerge from such threats. Solutions and planning to manage such items begins in the very initiation stages of a projects life with the identification of any of these security related flaws, risks, and threats. In parallel with each phase, efforts work towards constantly identifying new threats and reducing the identified security risks through the diligent planning and proper implementation of risk mitigation strategies specifically developed to resolve each unique threat specifically. Security of vital data and associated technology systems must be considered when planning projects, developing applications, implementing systems, or framework etc. So as to be effective and efficient, security must be organized for and embedded into the systems from the very starting, and monitored periodically throughout the life of the proje ct, and be maintained all along the life of the system. Thereby the result is planning as soon as possible in early stages and embedding security into all phases of a projects life cycle is usually considerably easier and much less cost consuming than waiting till the later project phases to consider it. On the moment when addressing the security for the majority of the data frameworks, it might be a chance to be decayed under three principal segments that are; communications, hardware, and software. Arranging how every from claiming these zones may be ensured includes not the main attention by the people, policy, practice etc. and also, financial considerations with furnish for those Audit from claiming the framework, asset procurement, execution of security solutions, progressing security maintenance and so on. Figure 1: CIA Triad The image shows the main goal of such efforts which are to maintain the availability, confidentiality, and integrity of vital information. All information system must maintain: Confidentiality disclosure or exposure to unauthorized individuals or systems is prevented Integrity data cannot be created, changed, or deleted without proper authorization. Availability information and the security controls used to protect it are functioning correctly when the information is needed.   Ã‚   An ordinary Project Management technique doesnt incorporate subtle elements regarding guaranteeing integrity, confidentiality, Furthermore availability for the majority of the data or those protections about particular data. Background need to be demonstrated that mostly the information security or privacy experts would not consult regarding the undertaking until those test phase, alternately much more terrible The point when the project needs with be marked off or executed Also about to go live. These conditions will feel thick, as commonplace on the majority of the data security experts Also privacy officers indistinguishable. This cautiously might prompt postponements previously, sign-off Whats more go-live alternately significantly more repulsive another information skeleton being moved under preparing without expanding security Also security controls completed. This means exploitation of risks such as: Breaches of legal requirements, for example, the Privacy Act, Unauthorized access to systems and information, Disclosure of information Moreover bolting on security instruments controls alternately privacy controls toward those end of the development, for example, another provision or the usage of a new data framework is really unreasonable Furthermore drawn out. Data information and framework security Whats more security methods oughta chance to be inserted under the organizations venture administration procedure. This ensures that majority of the data security Also security dangers would identify, assessed, figured out how Whats more tended to ask and only an undertaking. This approach Might make associated for during whatever endeavor regardless to its character, e.g. an endeavor for focus profits of those business process, IT, office organization Moreover different supporting manifestations. Venture supervisors would continuously set under a considerable measure from claiming weight to guarantee they convey on time Whats more inside plan. On accomplish execution of a secure Also industry consistent legitimate a dministrative necessities data system, it may be vital to take part for the majority of the data security and security topic masters from those minute a feasible ticket may be recognized to Creating. The two main approaches to project management are: The waterfall approach (delivery is all-in-one-go, for example, Prince 2 and PMP); and A release-based iterative approach (delivery is in bursts of functionality spread over time, for example, Agile Scrum/Sprint methodology). Both methodologies need pros Furthermore cons Furthermore, we wont talk about whatever points of these two approaches, rather it takes a gander during the place whats more entryway data security Also privacy ought to a chance to be joined under those project management cycle, in any case about which methodology is picked. Process Steps Everyone dares organization methodologies to take after a tantamount high-cap convert starting with asserting 4 alternately 5 steps, in the passages underneath those steps to that Agile technique would previously, (brackets). Every for these steps needs their goal/objective, in addition, an arranged starting with guaranteeing deliverables to that step. For every to these steps, those one assignment director ought to should incorporate a security proficient. Incorporating security under exercises beginning with that start will Abstain starting with each moment abstain? In addition (often very) irrationally additions later on in the project. The individuals taking then afterward slug concentrates give to an Audit of the lions share of the information security Also privacy-related considerations for each phase. More details on this topic can be studied on the internet. Scope/Initiation/Discovery (Stage 1 Vision) Might be specific information included in this project alternately converted at that passed on information system? Assuming that something like that the individuals or security officers necessities around an opportunity to be contacted at this stage. What is the order alternately affect the ability of the data processed? Ensure that the Information Security Officer (or equivalent role such as ICT security, CISO, ITSM) is involved in communicating security requirements; these must be an important part of the business needs. Is there a requirement for compliance with legal or regulatory needs, national or international standards (ISO27001) or contractual security and privacy obligations? Business Case/Planning (Stage 2 Product Roadmap and stage 3 Release Planning) Indulge with the respective subject matter professionals to discuss in detail the security and privacy needs, so they can be implemented during the design of the project. Pre-define the acceptance methodology for all the business needs, including security and privacy protection. Identify security and privacy risks and perform risk and privacy impact assessments. Depending upon the results of these assessments, identify security and privacy countermeasures and techniques which need to be included in the design. Development/Execution (Stage 4 Sprint Planning and Stage 5 Daily Scrum) During the design implementation the identified security and privacy controls? Perform compliance checks and security reviews against requirements and selected controls, against existing policies and standards. communicate with external security experts such as penetration testers, code reviewers, and auditors, etc Plan for performing vulnerability scans (internally) and checking of the patch fixing status. Consider meeting the Operations team that will handle the solution from a security perspective after moving on to production. Test Evaluation/Control Validation (Stage 6 Sprint Review) Indulge with security and privacy subject concern experts to assist with communicating and understanding the resulting reports (test). Execute all security testing: penetration test, code review and/or ISO audit. Have Security operations team go through with the operational documentation? Regularly check the risk register and review all risks, based on the solution as it has been formulated. Launch/Close (Stage 7) Pass on the formulated security and privacy treatment plans, which have been accepted and agreed by the business owner. Start the business normally with security operations, monitoring of risks and compliance. Milestones or gated Approach The waterfall project management techniques discuss that for managing Also controlling the one project phases, An amount from claiming checkpoints, turning points or gateways ought further bolstering be presented. Figure 2: Gated approach The main motive of these gateways is to make sure that all criteria or needs are fulfilled or not, all required deliverables for that phase are done or not, and to review if the project is still on time/within budget. These gateways are the instances in time during a project where security and compliance milestones can be introduced to safeguard that the project in compliance with all agreed business needs, including security and privacy formulations. Underneath are some checks, decisions, and lists that should be implemented from an information security and privacy point of view: Scope gate High-level business, information security, and privacy needs identified. The seriousness of information assessed and considered. Business case sign-off gate By in-depth study on the risks assessment, note down all security and privacy controls and procedures. In-depth security and privacy requirements formulated and acceptance criteria accepted upon. Indulge with IT design architects and information security subject matter professionals to compose a Risk management Plan (which will include a resource plan/budget). Maintain a risk register that lists down all privacy risks, security risks, and initial level of risk (gross risk). Design sign-off gate Assessment of privacy, security and reviews and compliance points against agreed sign-off criteria. Go through the project risk register that lists down all security risks, privacy risks, and potential residual risk. Communicate with 3rd parties to agree on the scope of a penetration test, Certification Accreditation audits, code review or other security tests that are been outsourced. Communicate with the operational security team to put forward the solution and manage if the document set is complete, acceptable and up-to-date. Final business sign-off gate Check weather all formulated security and privacy controls and procedure implemented as designed? The job of Information Security is primarily to ensure CIA in place but there is a common misconception that only IT is responsible for it. But theyre not!! Then who is responsible for Information Security in your organization or say for the project youre managing? Lets think of below: Who is the information owner in the organization for this project? Its senior management or business heads (on behalf of the customer). Remember IT is the custodian of information while the owner will decide about classification and protection/access requirement. Who is to understand and conduct impact assessment? The owner should be the one who is gonna tell us how important ( or say risk level) the information is and assess what will happen if we fail to protect. How to secure information flow/process in your project? Once you understand customer or owners requirement and the impact, now Project Manager has to play the role. However, PMs are not expected to be security experts but be fully aware of it. PM is the one who: Should understand what are information risk concerning his/her project Interpret impact to senior management and customer for security issues Need to be able to decide on appropriate mitigating action Minimize the risk associated with information security threats/breaches. Include security considerations is integrated into every phase and process of a projectà Ã‚ ¾ and Ensure adherence to policy and standard/compliance So need to include Information Security within the project process right from the Initiation. We can fit it in when developing Project Charter Business Case  ­ Consider Impact Assessment on proposed product service from information risk perspective and also must include information security safeguard and issue during cost benefit analysis. Discuss and identify security features/requirements to be added. Project Statement of Work  ­ Review product scope to identify info. sec requirement and incorporate any additional Customer requirement for specific info ­sec standard compliance Organizational Process Asset  ­ Internal Information Security Policy, Standard and Procedure and also security control and audit requirement for process systems including a stipulated in RFP. Enterprise Environmental Factors  ­ In addition to Legal Regulatory requirement may need to consider industry standard practice on Information Security. Formulated security testing reviewing the results and make a decision if things are acceptable or not. Project Plan integrate information security Scope Management Collect Requirements Legislation, regulation and customer expectations on information security and make sure you know how you will be able to measure whether above requirements are met? Change Control process should always consider IS impact during approval/review. Data Classification should be approved by management and customer and also define control requirements in the system, 3rd party and operational process for the data type. Identify all requirements on data storage, record management and destruction for the internal and external party and then prepare data governance/ handling policy and procedure for your project based on the above. Figure 3: Threat Activity model Procurement Identify critical supplier who can have a significant impact on project deliverable and responsible for handling restricted data. Do we need sign NDA? Require Audit right to review their process and controls? Have to safeguard from relevant security flaws appropriately resolved in all your third party contracts. Quality Control Quality will include security compliance on process and record management. Quality Assurance will perform security audit and review privilege (system +operational) to review data disposal and backup process. For effective measurement, need to identify appropriate PI for security control. Next, integrate within your Project Plan. Cost Time Ensure budget and schedule covered security related activities and controls. Stakeholder Management Cross-border data transfer and data privacy issue applicable? Regulatory compliance and approval required? Engage early with concerned parties to properly plan ahead. Monitor change in regulatory and statutory policy. How to maintain requests for information from government agencies and those results from legal process? Example: Regulators response and deadline may challenge project outcome. Project Risk Management Information Risk Assessment Lets review the basics once again: Define Information Risk  ­ Risk is a factor of the likelihood of a given threat sources exploiting a particular potential vulnerability and the resulting effect of that adverse event on the organization. Qualitative Risk Assessment A method can be Overall Risk Score = Likelihood X Impact. The likelihood is a chance of this event occurring in the scale of 1 ­5 or Very Likely, Likely, Maybe, Unlikely, Highly Unlikely etc. For example, whats the chance vendor the system will compromise our data during the project? The impact is how much effect once the risk (no control in place) in the scale of 1 ­5 or Critical, High, Medium, Low, Minimal. For example, what will happen to us once the data is compromised? Define overall rating for risk, For example, can be High if > 15, Medium for 10- ­15, and Low if When required should engage information owner, customer, and security function wherever possible and then assign monitoring responsibility and activities within a risk response plan. Quantitative Risk Assessment Annualized Loss Expectancy (ALE) is the expected monetary loss that can be expected for an asset due to a risk being realized over a one year period. ALE = SLE * ARO ­SLE (Single Loss Expectancy) is the value of a single event loss of the asset [impact] ­SLE = Asset Value x Exposure factor. [EF is what % of the asset will be damaged] ­ARO (Annualized Rate of Occurrence) is how often the incident can occur in a year [likelihood]. A risk occurring once in 5 years has an ARO of 0.05à Ã‚ ¾ while if occurring 10 times in a year then ARO = 10 Could use average = (Worst + 4*Average + Best) / 6. The above is kept simple and not perfect but better than nothing. Risk Response Cost Benefit analysis of feasible Safeguard/Control Compare ALE considering with and without safeguard control in place. Value = ALE (with NO safeguard) (ALE after implementing safeguard) (annual the cost of safeguard). Select Mitigation, Transfer, Acceptance, and Avoidance based on above. Note: SIME: Security Information and Event Management  ­ DLP: Data Leakage Protection  ­ DRM: Digital Rights Management. HR/People Manage Security with People Security Skills Assessment What are the resources and skill requirement for information security in your project? Does your security function have sufficient trained resources? Assign security management and appropriate level of authority to carry out this role. Security Awareness Security is not police job, rather we are protecting corporate information to safeguard our customer, our business and to comply with statutory requirements. All team members know their responsibilities to help establish security and comply with the policy. Set up ground rules on acceptable and unacceptable activities, for example, usage of social media, official email monitoring etc as per organizational procedure. Clearly, understand data classification policy and how to handle each type of data. Figure 4: Security Awareness Training Promote awareness campaign to motivate team members to be the safeguard of corporate information. Security breach/issue reporting and handling procedure should be clearly communicated. Discuss why we focus on information security and clarify concern during team building. Project Communication Secure what you communicate Comply with the security policies Comply with the policy from both client organization and project organization. In cases where policies overlap, the more restrictive policy will apply. Check whether supplier/vendor/outsource Company meets the same standard. Checkpoint for data transfers and storage Consider using method in which password protect the meetings and/or use the roll call system of the conferencing. Prefer to encrypt data during the distribution of meeting proceedings and another project documents via email. Select Instant messaging, desktop or application sharing/video conferencing via secured provider or channel. Check what information is acceptable to be left in auto responders and in voice mailboxes. Establish administrative controls Prepare Guidelines for use of social media and how to share project information. There should be guidelines or ground rules regarding forwarding work related email to personal or transfer to smart phones ­ Consequence of a security breach and data leakage should be clearly communicated. Project Execution Implement effective control Direct and Manage Project Work Segregation of Duties execution, and supervision of any process should not be performed by a single person and establish dual control or Maker Checker process on activity involving risk. Strictly follow approval and authorization limit for layered control on requesting a change. Reviewed authority and access right upon during staff transfer or exit from the project. Ensure appropriate labeling and storage of documents resulted from project activities. Remind importance of security awareness and to notify breach/incidents immediately. Engage with the supplier to increase security awareness with their employee as per your standard. Data backup and restoration should be periodically tested for project related system(s). Manage Communication When information requested by the supplier, check against requirement and policy before sharing. Maintain the record of send and receipt when documents are shared/sent to the 3rd party. Figure 5: Communication Management Discuss information security issue in the regular review meeting and notify formally when appropriate. Monitor Control Pro-active check and act Control Scope Risks Ensure security verification upon milestone achievement. Reviewed system logs, alert and process audit output to identify the potential incident. Monitor change in regulatory and other critical factors that may force information risk re ­assessment. Security Incident Management Assess impact Internal, Financial, Legal, Regulatory, Customer, and Media/Reputation. Do NOT underestimate any impact often serious consequence happens from simple case. Invoke organizational incident management process and escalate to senior management if required. Manage 3rd Party Risk Conduct an audit to see how Vendor/Outsourced company process, store and destroy your information. Review what formal information ( and their type) are being shared with external parties. Check with the critical supplier for Business Continuity drill as it may impact your project during any disaster. Project Closure -Secure disposal Formal Sign Off Conduct security audit with supplier and customer (if required) and document formal sign off. Ensure all project documents and necessary records are properly achieved. Document lesson learned from security issue and incident handling. Operational Handover Document to enforce security controls as recommended for regular operation. Revoke access rights from the system before dissolving project team. Formal handover production system, customer/business documents, manual or other records including backup data and electronic equipment containing information. Data Disposal Formally confirm with all project team members on secure destruction either stored in electronic format or paper-based document which no longer required. Confirm destruction from a supplier who may retain information belong to your company/customer. Conclusion Information Security plays a very important role in the development of every project irrespective of projects magnitude. So the project manager has to be very much alert and attentive to check and to meet the protocols so as to preserve the vital corporate data of the organizations during each phase of the project development. Figure 6: Template for Questionnaire to review security of project The project manager must use various new techniques to embed the security into the project from the very initiation phase one of such technique is to use Questionnaire to review the security of the project. Project Managers can also look for a new secured Software development life cycle model which incorporates all major aspects of the data security, privacy, and recovery for a software development. Figure 7: Secure SDLC Model Those A large cost savvy approach to managing security under products or techniques is to actualize all the security Furthermore privacy controls and mechanisms under the configuration, Including them later alternately. After the project needs to be run live, will be significantly a greater amount exorbitant and might diminish those Return-on-Investment of the project altogether. References [1] Security Issues that Project Managers at CDC Need to Address, CDC Unified Process Project Management, vol. 2, no. 6, June 2008. [2] M. Dean, A risk ­based approach to planning and implementing an information security program, in PMI, 2008. [3] B. Egeland, Learn 3 Ways to Ensure Your Project Data is Secure., Is Project Security that Important?, July 2, 2015. [4] R. J. Ellison, Security and Project Management, Security and Project Management | US ­CERT, February 06, 2006. [5] D. E. Essex, government database project outsourcing, A matter of public record, August 2003. [6] S. Fister Gale, Safeguarding the data treasure, February 2011. [7] S. Hendershot, Security guards ­ data ­security initiatives for Project Managers, in Cost Control (http://www.pmi.org/learning/library?topics=Cost+Control), Sustainability (http://www.pmi.org/learning/library?topics=Sustainability), September 2014. [8] C. Klingler, Security, privacy and disaster recovery for the project manager, in Cost Control (http://www.pmi.org/learning/library?topics=Cost+Control) , Sustainability (http://www.pmi.org/learning/library?topics=Sustainability), 2002. [9] Monique, Information Security Privacy as part of Project Management, 18 March, 2015. [10] M. Pruitt, Security Best Practices for IT Project Managers, SANS Institute, June 18, 2013. Table of Figures Figure 1: CIA Triad: https://www.checkmarx.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Data-Securi

Free Admissions Essay - The Dance of Life :: Medicine College Admissions Essays

Admissions Essay -  The Dance of Life    For the dancer, music and choreography are paramount. The music guides the dancer, and the moves express the music. However, the dance has to start from somewhere.    Similar to planning a career in medicine, the dance has a beginning. It starts with an idea of what the final creation will be. The music, which is the background for the dance, must be chosen carefully because it controls the mood and direction of the dance. Education is the music for the dance of a doctor. For this reason I chose to attend Xavier University of Louisiana because I felt it would provide me with the right music to guide my movements. Attending Xavier has helped keep me on the path to my goals by providing support, guidance, and opportunities to learn and grow. With this foundation I am prepared for the rigors of medical school and the challenges of adjusting to new people, situations, and responsibilities.    The dance cannot exist with music alone; the choreography helps complete the dance. Choreography often involves learning dance from other dancers, or learning a new type of dance to make the existing one more exciting. Going beyond the normal boundary increases the chance that the dance will effectively intertwine the music and choreography, so the dance will go beyond the original idea. Shadowing neurosurgeon Dr. Norgran in high school and pulmonologist Dr. Yaeger in college, has given me a new perspective on going into a career in medicine. These people helped me to see that I would have to be willing to alter the music of my life in order to finish the dance of a medical career.    The best expression of dance comes from a skilled and experienced dancer. Ultimately, I want to dance the dance of medicine in a way that fully expresses the essence of the dance, which is a dance of knowledge and compassion. A dancer that can take the music and choreography and express the essence of the dance, has an indefinable quality that only those with a pure love for their calling can possess. In dance, that special quality is what separates the average dancer from Baryshnikov or Pavlova. That aspect is one that intertwines unsurpassable skill with a focused relentless devotion to the task. Although I have danced since the age of three, I know I do not have this prima ballerina quality, but as a future doctor, this same kind of quality is what drives me.

Automobile and Martha Johnson Essay

Martha Johnson is a mid- class work family. Martha’s goals are buy a car, rent an apartment, stay home and be a full time student, go on vacation, or save the money. The money she has it is from her aunt. Her aunt passed away and left Martha money. I am writing this essay to recommend my option on how Martha Johnson should spend her money. The chose I am going to make is going to help her out how to spend her money. The first goal that Martha has in mind is to buy a car. The advantages is that she has a car that she can use to go to school and go to work. She can also use the car to take her mom to her doctor appointments. Also she can go to the store when she wants to buy something like food, or clothes she will go shopping. The disadvantages is that Martha will have to pay for gas and pay car insurance for the car she buys. She will need to buy a use car not a new car. Also she would need to repair the car if it has any problems with the car. The second goal is that Martha wants to rent an apartment to herself and share it with a roommate also she is going to be a full time student . The advantages is that Martha will have her own place and wont be living with her parents. She will also be close to school and she will be walking instead of driving to school. She will also will be able to finish her career early.

What Is a Crime of Moral Turpitude

A crime of moral turpitude is generally interpreted as an offense that insults general morality. The term can be broken down into two parts: crime refers to an offense punishable by law, and moral turpitude refers to corrupt or degenerate conduct that generally insults public consciousness. It is important to note that this is not an established legal definition. Legal scholars have called the term vague, nebulous, and unfortunate. Although the term appears in laws, Congress has neglected to define it and the courts have declined to find the vagueness unconstitutional. Key Takeaways: Crimes of Moral Turpitude A crime of moral turpitude is commonly understood as an offense against publicly known morals. However, Congress has never given a definition of moral turpitude.The term has been used in immigration law since 1891.Under the Immigration Act of 1952, individuals can be excluded from entering the U.S. if they have committed or admitted to a crime involving moral turpitude. Individuals can also be deported if they are convicted of a crime involving moral turpitude. Legal Definition Moral turpitude has been defined differently throughout American legal history. In 1990, one of the earlier editions of Blacks Law Dictionary stated that moral turpitude, was an: ...act of baseness, vileness, or the depravity in private and social duties which man owes to his fellow man, or to society in general, contrary to the accepted and customary rule of right and duty between man and man. In Hamden v. Immigration Naturalization Service (1996), the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals built upon the definition in Blacks Law Dictionary. The justices wrote that it has been defined as an act which is per se morally reprehensible and intrinsically wrong. Other appeals courts have used that definition and definitions close to that in their rulings. The U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Service (USCIS) has its own definition for the term. The USCIS policy manual defines it as: ...conduct that shocks the public conscience as being inherently base, vile, or  depraved, contrary to the rules of morality and the duties owed between man and man, either one’s fellow man or society in general.† List of Crimes of Moral Turpitude Congress has not created a list of crimes that fall into the category of moral turpitude. The U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Manual  says that common elements involving moral turpitude are fraud, larceny, and intent to harm. When a crime is committed against a person, malicious intent is generally necessary for it to qualify as moral turpitude. The following crimes have fallen into the category of moral turpitude: MurderVoluntary manslaughterRapeAbuseProstitutionFraudTheftBlackmail/briberyAggravated assaultArsonSmuggling/kidnappingHarboring a fugitivePerjuryMayhemConspiring to commit any of the above crimes or acting as an accessory Uses of Moral Turpitude Moral turpitude has been used by the American Bar Association (ABA) and in medical licensing as a reason for disbarment or revocation. In 1970, the ABA released a Model Code of Professional Responsibility which listed illegal conduct involving moral turpitude as grounds for disbarment. By 1983, the ABA removed the term because it was too broad and vague. For example, a lawyer might be disbarred for adultery under that term. State bar associations followed the ABAs revisions and amended their own codes. California is the only state to still follow a code that uses moral turpitude. Even though the term was removed from the ABA Model Code, moral turpitude is still commonly referred to as a part of immigration law. Moral Turpitude and Immigration Law Congress began excluding certain groups of individuals from immigration eligibility in 1875. Between 1875 and 1917 Congress added convictions that could exclude an immigrant from eligibility. In 1891, Congress added the term moral turpitude to immigration law. The Immigration Act of 1917 introduced deportations for people convicted of a crime of moral turpitude. However, it wasnt until 1952 that the Immigration and Nationality Act allowed for the exclusion of individuals for committing, being convicted of, or admitting to a crime involving moral turpitude. The Department of Homeland Security can only deport someone if they are convicted of this type of crime, rather than accused. There is precedential case history for judges to use when deciding whether a crime is one involving moral turpitude. However, interpretation of the term is up to individual discretion depending on the case. The Supreme Court on Crimes of Moral Turpitude The Supreme Court has only addressed the constitutionality of moral turpitude once. In Jordan v. De George  (1951), Sam De George, an immigrant facing deportation, used a habeas corpus petition to ask the court whether conspiracy to defraud the United States of taxes on distilled spirits is a crime involving moral turpitude within the meaning of  § 19(a) of the Immigration Act of 1917. Justice Vinsons majority opinion went beyond this question. The Court ruled that the term was not unconstitutionally vague because it had been present in immigration law for over 60 years, it had been used in other legal contexts, and fraud always involves moral turpitude without exception. Sources Rotunda, Ronald D. â€Å"Disciplining Lawyers Who Engage in Moral Turpitude.†Ã‚  Verdict, Justia, 21 June 2015, verdict.justia.com/2015/06/22/disciplining-lawyers-who-engage-in-moral-turpitude.Jordan v. De George, 341 U.S. 223 (1951).â€Å"Moral Turpitude Law and Legal Definition.†Ã‚  USLegal, definitions.uslegal.com/m/moral-turpitude/.Moore, Derrick. â€Å"Crimes Involving Moral Turpitude: Why the Void-for-Vagueness Argument Is Still Available and Meritorious.†Ã‚  Cornell International Law Journal, vol. 41, no. 3, 2008.U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. Policy Manual: Conditional Bars for Acts in Statutory Period. USCIS. https://www.uscis.gov/policymanual/HTML/PolicyManual-Volume12-PartF-Chapter5.html.Hamden v. Immigration Naturalization Service, 98 F.3d 183 (1996).U.S. Department of State. Foreign Affairs Manual: Crimes Involving Moral Turpitude. vol. 9. https://fam.state.gov/fam/09FAM/09FAM030203.html.